Formation of term risks in technosphere safety

The concept of «risk» has a rather ancient history. For the first time, this concept was used in European medieval sources but it was spread only with the advent of typography, primarily in Italy and Spain. Supporters of another point of view believe that the concept of «risk» was borrowed from the French language in the middle of the XVIII century, and meant «risqué» - risky, doubtful. In its turn, the French word goes back to the Greek words «ridsikon», «ridsa» and means a cliff, a rock. For the ancient Greek navigators, the word meant "to bypass the rock" in order to avoid danger. In Italian, «risiko» is a danger, a threat; «risicare» means a tack between the rocks [1]. Thus, the concept of «risk»in all the cases preserved its basic meaning of a possible danger, and this meaning is to this day.

In 1994, Niklas Luhmann, in his work, proves the mistake of identifying risk with danger and clarifies the etymology of the term «risk». He notes that «If you are trying to define the concept of risk, then the impression is as if you drove into a thick fog, where visibility is no farther than the bumper of your car» [2].

There is an assumption that the new concept of «risk» denotes a problem situation that cannot be clear enough expressed by the already existing words «danger», «daring», «incident», «courage», «fear».

The ambiguity of the concept of «risk» is visible from the multiplicity of its definitions used in modern literature. Here are just some definitions of the concept of «risk»(Table 1).

Table 1 - Definitions of the Risk Concept

Author	Conceptdefinition
S.I.Ozhegov	- The possibility of danger; -Action at random in the hope of a happy outcome;
T.F.Efremova	-    Possible danger; -    Action at random in the hope of a happy outcome; -    Possible loss or failure in any case; -    The danger from which property insurance is made;
D.N.Ushakov	-    Possible danger; -    Possible loss or failure in a commercial case, due to the instability of market conditions;
S.A.Kuznetsov	-    Possible danger of something; -    Demanding courage, fearless action at random, in the hope of a happy outcome;
D.V.Dmitriev	- Possible danger of something;

Analyzing the above definitions, both the similarity and the difference in the definition of the term «risk» are traced. Some authors believe that risk is some kind of action aimed at a happy outcome, while others contradict them.

The origin of the term «risk» originates in the field of economics, despite the fact that today the term «risk»is found in various fields of activity. The concept of risk is inextricably linked with the concept of uncertainty, and sometimes it is possible to consider these terms as synonyms. Under the uncertainty, it is necessary to understand the incompleteness or lack of clarity of information about any activity or its results, incomplete knowledge about something. Uncertainty is objectively inherent in any financial and economic activity of an economic entity [3].

Risk is an economic category that reflects the characteristic features of the perception by economic agents of objectively existing uncertainties and conflicts inherent in the processes of goal-setting, management, decision-making, assessment, burdened with possible threats and untapped opportunities [4].

Totality is a feature of economic risk in modern conditions. The universality of risks is manifested in the fact that they are not a random result of conscious activity, but a necessary condition for the existence of a creative person who is constantly improving his living conditions.

Theoretical studies indicate that risk is a fairly broad concept, a specific subject of scientific research. Consider the various definitions of the term «risks» from economic dictionaries.

Table 2 – Definitionsoftheterm«risk»

Author	Definition of the term «risk»
B.A. Raizberg L.SH. Lozovskii E.B.Starodubtseva	– the risk of unexpected losses expected profits, income or property, money, other resources in connection with a random change in the conditions of economic activity, adverse circumstances;
V.I. Nechaev P.V. Mikhailushkin A.N.Azriliian	- the risk of losses, both financial and material, due to unforeseen changes in the conditions of economic activity, the emergence of adverse circumstances;
A.N. Azriliyan	-    the possibility of the occurrence of events with negative consequences as a result of certain decisions or actions; -    the probability of incurring losses or missing benefits;
A.I.Bazyleva	– possibility of events with negative consequences as a result of certain decisions or actions;

	– the probability to incur losses or to miss profit;
P.A.Koshel	- actions at random in the hope of a successful outcome, again and at the same time taking into account the possible danger of losses;
A.V. Sharkova A.A. Kiliachkov E.V. Markina S.P. Soliannikova L.A. Chaldaeva	– the probability of occurrence of the circumstances preventing the delivery of expected results during the realization of the goal, material damage, financial losses, etc.;

Comparing the definitions of authors from various economic dictionaries, two main variants of the definition of this term can be traced. Risks are the threat of losses due to some changes in economic activity, or the likelihood of events, circumstances with negative consequences that hinder the realization of the goal. In both cases, a negative outcome is traced. Thus, the risk is understood as an activity related to overcoming uncertainty, during which the probability of achieving the intended result is quantitatively or qualitatively evaluated.

Issues of production safety and labor protection are rooted in the distant past.

Even in the early Stone Age period, our distant ancestors, when splitting stone into plates for the subsequent manufacture of tools, were guided by the rules for safely performing such work, formed on the basis of the experience of previous generations.

Negative impacts of the world around us are eternal. They exerted and have a negative impact on man since the day he appeared on Earth and to our days. The natural reaction of a person to negative impacts is his constant protection of himself and his environment from hazards.

The development of the techno-sphere activity has led to the accumulation of large potential dangers - man-made factors, the cumulative effect of which has become commensurate with the effect of natural factors on humans.

The emergence of the techno-sphere required the diversion of a part of human resources to the creation of a technical security system designed to ensure the protection of man from man-made factors [5].

In recent years, steps have been taken in Russia to switch to the use of risky indicators in assessing the safety of industrial plants. Thus, along with the concept of «security», they began to use the opposite concept – «risk».

Let us consider the definition of the term "risk" in the field of techno-sphere safety proposed by several authors.

Table 3 - Definitions of the term «risk» in techno-sphere safety

Author	Definition of the term «risk»
K.K. Ibragimova, I.I Rakhimov, A.I. Ziyatdinova	- the probability of adverse effects for environmental resources of any (intentional or accidental, gradual or catastrophic)anthropogenic changes in natural objects and factors, as well as the likelihood of environmental degradation or its transition to an unstable state.
V.G. Kalygin	- the probability of causing harm to life and health of citizens, the property of individuals and legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, life and health of animals and plants, taking into account the severity of this harm;
G.B. Kulikov	- probability and consequences of the realization of an event hazardous to the health and safety of personnel;
A.V. Manankov, A.A. Manankova	-    the possibility (probability) of causing damage to human life and health and/or the environment; -    the cumulative effect of the likelihood of an accident and the extent of its impact;
G. V. Tyagunov, A. A. Volkova, E. E. Baryshev, V. S. Tsepelev, V. G. Shishkunov	- the probability of an event having adverse effects on the environment and caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations of natural and man-made character;

Thus, the risk is the likelihood or possibility of causing harm. In technical sciences, the risk is considered to be the probability multiplied by the consequences.

Probability is the fraction of the opportunity to get a certain result under certain circumstances. Obviously, the more often an event occurs, the more likely it is.

Conclusion: The use of probability theory methods has been originated in the economic sphere. From which it follows that the term “risks” has appeared into the technosphere safety from the economic sphere.