Functional and semantic study of lexical units in the field of journalism in English and Uzbek

The study of the grammatical aspect of speech activity involves the need to take into account the structural-systemic and functional-semantic characteristics of the studied language units. The organization of linguistic material is based on the existing in linguistics two directions of functional grammar: 1) semasiological (from the linguistic form to the content), according to which the organization of linguistic units acquires a linear structure, i.e. analysis of meanings is concentrated within individual grammatical units, their categories and forms; 2) onomasiological (from the content to the linguistic form), it excludes the linear construction of the material. Linguistic material is transmitted in logical-semantic groups. Traditionally, the study of linguistic material was carried out in these areas. In the first case, we are talking about grammars based on the needs of the listener, and in the second, from the needs of the speaker. It is pertinent to recall that LV Shcherba called the semasiological grammar passive, the aonomasiological - active [9, p. 37]. Initially, it was mainly about the onomasiological direction in the history of Western European grammar, but a similar direction existed in the history of Russian grammatical science, the authors of academic grammars of the Russian language edited by N.Yu. Shvedova [1, p. 92]. An integrated approach is often presented: first, through the meanings of linguistic forms, a functional-semantic (conceptual) field is established, then the meanings expressed by linguistic means are studied semasiologically, related to a specific field. The concept of "function" as a separate structure of the language and the theory of the functional-semantic field, which are the main concepts for functional grammar, acquires special significance in the framework of two functional-semantic directions. The concept of linguistic function is one of the most important provisions of linguistics, it can be traced in particular in detail in the concept of the Prague Linguistic Circle, the concept of the function of the language of exercise linguists is based on the concept of linguistic functions of the German linguist K. Buhler, set forth in the work "Theory of Language. Structural model of language ”[5, p. 121]. According to K. Buhler, the mental ability of a person to think, feel and express the will gave rise to three functions of language - communicative (message function), the function of expression and the function of circulation. These functions correspond to three types of utterances — narrative, exclamatory, and exclamatory. The communicative function is linked by intellectual thinking and communication. Functional-semantic field (FSP) is a system of multi-level means of a given language (morphological, syntactic, word-formation, lexical, as well as combined-lexico-syntactic, interacting on the basis of the commonality of their functions, based on a certain semantic category. FSP of aspectuality, temporality, pledging, locality etc. are varieties of linguistic categories.The term FSP is associated with the representation of a grouping (ordered set) of interacting linguistic means and their system-structural organization.The concept of FSP is included in the system of concepts and terms of grammar, which examines linguistic units not only in the direction from form to meaning, but also from meaning to form [2, p. 94]. At the heart of each functional-semantic field is a certain semantic category — that semantic invariant that unites heterogeneous linguistic means and determines their interaction. which is the advance of the nature of the course and distribution of actions (and other varieties of predicates) in time, is revealed in the system of meaningful options, including such signs as the relation of action to the limit, phase (designation of the beginning, continuation and completion of an action), perfection, i.e. designation of the relevance of the consequences of an action (intersection of the fields of aspectuality and temporality). Each semantic variant within the framework of this FSP is connected by specific means of formal expression. FSP is a two-sided (content-formal) unity, covering the specific means of a given language with all the features of their form and content There are two main types of FSP: 1) FSP, which have a morphological core, which are identical to functional and semantic categories, such as temporality, modality, pledge, etc. ... 2) FSP is a functional-semantic invariant, expressed by means of only one level. These are grammatical and lexical fields. Grammar fields consider one side of the language, refer to the code language level, aFSP cover a wider linguistic sphere (grammatical categories and related elements belonging to different language levels). FSP is one of the ways of structuring the semantic space of a language, which allows one to explore the system of central and peripheral linguistic means of expressing a particular sense. FSP, based on one and the same semantic category, but on multilingual material, can differ significantly in their structure. So, if the Slavic languages, the center of the aspectuality field is the grammatical category of the species, then in non-German language, where there is no species as a grammatical category, the central role is played by various lexical and grammatical means of expressing the limitation / non-limitation of action, and in

English the category of voice plays an important role. If in the "articular" languages, for example, non-German, English, French, Bulgarian, the strongly centered field of certainty / indeterminacy is based primarily on the system of article forms, then in languages that do not have these forms, the given field lacks a single grammatical center. Areas of intersection of fields are highlighted (areas of interaction of semantic elements of different fields, for example, semantic complexes with spectral-temporal, aspectual-modal elements, with the possible participation of quality elements, etc.). These aspects of the concept of function are reflected in linguistic analysis [6, p. 33]. In modern linguistics, there is great interest and development of areas related not only to the concept of function, but also based directly on the close interaction of language and a person.