Functional style of scientific speech as an object of translation

The core of this style is its terminology, and most of the modern research that is interesting and important for science is being conducted in this direction.

The main trends in the modern development of languages, reflected in scientific prose, emphasize the special specifics of this style, both in the trend of borrowing (which is especially typical for terminology), and in abbreviation, simplifying the syntax of the language, enriching their thesauri in connection with the borrowing of general technical terms and lexemes from other sciences and many other possibilities of this style.

The scientific style has its own varieties (substyles): popular science, scientific and business, scientific and technical (industrial and technical), scientific and journalistic, educational and scientific.

Each style appears at its own time - when the conditions for its formation are ripe in society, when the language reaches a high degree of development.

The development of scientific speech as a functional style is associated, on the one hand, with a certain level of development and accumulation of knowledge in society, and on the other hand, with the level of development of the national language. It is known that in ancient times, science existed as “philosophy”. The knowledge it accumulated was still so small in scope and so elementary and syncretic that the knowledge of a scientist did not greatly exceed the collective experience of the “unlearned” part of society. Science has not yet become a professional work, has not yet felt the need for a special-subject differentiation. “Philosophy” almost did not separate from art (literature) and journalism (oratory) and used, like them, mainly the means of that common speech, which later developed into a colloquial style [4].

In the Middle Ages, science was closely connected with religion, theology, and stylistically largely obeyed the style of church books and sermons. Scientific treatises were often written in foreign, “bookish” languages - Greek, Latin, Arabic, and the reasons for this are connected not only with politics and historical traditions, but also with the fact that in the conditions of dialectal fragmentation of the national languages that have not yet developed, these “alien” were overdialect, and with the fact that they gave science those speech forms that were not in the native language [2].

In other words, scientific discoveries, inventions, ideas themselves entered different languages with their own names, were borrowed by these languages, and sometimes changed their original form, as science and technology developed in countries that initially borrowed such terms.

In the Renaissance, the progress of science leads to a significant differentiation of its areas, to the active formation of special terminologies, but European scientists still very often use not their native, but Latin or Greek languages - this largely explains the activity of Greekisms and Latinisms in modern science, where they already act as internationalisms. Stylistically, science is still very close to fiction and oratory: scientific works are often written in verse, replete with figurative descriptions, metaphors, and various rhetorical figures. [4]

In the Age of Enlightenment, the language of science, at least of the natural sciences, noticeably departs from artistic (literary) speech; but still very close to oratorical, which is connected with the very nature of enlightenment. Science is moving to domestic languages, in which there are rapid processes of formation of special terminologies. The accumulated knowledge no longer fits into the framework of an ancient foreign language, popularization requires the democratization of the language form, and the emerging common national languages open up possibilities for stylistic differentiation within the language that did not exist before.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the evolution of various areas of scientific knowledge, diverse areas of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. Thus, the scientific works of Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by a special, emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic style occurred in the Alexandrian period, when a stable scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which spread its influence over the entire cultural world of that time. [3]

Scientific and technical translation, which is one of the essential means of scientific communication between scientists and specialists speaking different languages, is performed either orally or in writing. Written translation allows you to expand the geographical boundaries of communication and ensure mutual understanding and mutual use of achievements in different countries.

Long-term translation practice has made it possible to develop principles, theory, methods of translation and techniques for overcoming translation difficulties. The greatest achievements have been made in the field of literary translation, which has a centuries-old practice. The development of scientific and technical translation does not have such rich experience. Its theoretical comprehension essentially began in the middle of the last century. However, there is already a fairly extensive translation literature on this problem, conferences, seminars and other events are held at the global and regional levels to understand the complex process of scientific and technical translation, to identify its creative nature, to describe the features of translation and translation work, and also to recommend means of its improving and improving the quality of work. [1].

The scope of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and versatile influence on the literary language. The scientific and technological revolution taking place before our eyes is the general use of a huge number of terms.

If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of the language of fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, now the description of the developed languages of the world is impossible without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society. Suffice it to say that out of 600,000 words of the most authoritative English dictionary of Webster (Webster), 500,000 are special vocabulary. [24].

The wide and intensive development of the scientific and technical style has led to the formation of numerous genres within its framework, such as: article, monograph, textbook, patent description (invention description), abstract, abstract, documentation, catalog, reference book, specification, instruction, advertising (having signs and journalistic style). Each genre has its own individual style features, but they do not violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its common features and characteristics [1].

The originality of lexical, grammatical and stylistic means used both in scientific literature and in technical documentation is also reflected in the concepts of sublanguage and genre.

A sublanguage is a set of lexical, grammatical and stylistic means used in certain branches of science and technology, for example, the sublanguage of mechanics, the sublanguage of chemistry, the sublanguage of economics, etc. [3].

Genre is a kind of works in the composition of scientific and technical literature, characterized by specific style features, for example, the genre of an article, the genre of a patent document, etc. [3].

The distinctive features of each style depend on its social purpose and the combination of linguistic functions that prevails in the act of communication, and therefore on the sphere of communication, on whether communication has as its goal, or, in any case, its main goal, the communication of information, expression of emotions, motivation for any action. It is generally accepted that the only function of the scientific style is the intellectual and communicative function, and additional functions are optional. However, this is not true - this style is typical for texts intended to communicate accurate information from any special area and to consolidate the process of cognition.

Subsequently, it was replenished with Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages.