Functions of percussion-abrasive stone tools from the Anui-1 site (Altai Mountains)

This article presents the study of stone percussion and abrasive tools from cultural layer 3 of the Anui-1 site, which contained undivided Initial and Early Upper Paleolithic complexes. After trace analysis with three-dimensional modeling, five tools from the collection were identified: anvils for stone knapping (n=2), hammers (n=2), and retoucher (n=1). Anvils from the Anui-1 site were fragmented and were discovered in several pieces. Traces ofbidirectional reduction of rounded pebble fragments in the form ofrounded impact marks and general crumbling of the surface have been observed in use-wear analysis. Subparallel notches indicate knapping of more angular nodules or cores. The hammers and retouchers were distinguished by a classic set of traces resulting from knapping stone raw materials and subsequent shaping of tool blanks. It has been discovered that some tools showed traces of modification of blanks, including shaping and retouching of the edges opposite to the working zones. The identified assemblage finds parallels in the assemblages of percussion and abrasive stone tools from the Upper Paleolithic sites in the Anui River valley. Comparative analysis of artifact assemblages has revealed similarities and differences. Similar examples of using stone anvils and tools on modified blanks are known from the Initial and Early Upper Paleolithic complexes of the Anui-2 site. Functionally similar set of tools has been found at the Ust-Karakol-1 site and in Denisova cave. The industries of Anui-1 and other sites of the Anuy valley show similar presence of hammers and retouchers, but differ in complete absence of specialized tools for processing fracture zones of cores, as well as abrasives.