Functions of stone percussion and abrasive tools from the Anui-2 site: preliminary results

The study presents preliminary results of a functional analysis of percussive and abrasive stone tools from the Upper Paleolithic site of Anui-2. We have applied experimental traceological method to determine the morphometric characteristics of macro- and microwear traces on the artefact surfaces. Recording and visualization of both studied tools and working areas have been carried out using three-dimensional modelling methods. Based on the results of the experimental traceological analysis, the collection of the Upper Palaeolithic tools from the Anui-2 site has been doubled. Currently, the assemblage of percussion and abrasive tools from this site can be considered as the most numerous and significant from among those recorded in the Upper Paleolithic of Altai. We have found that the studied tools were used in household operations of a percussive and abrasive nature. The active-action tools, using which stone raw materials were processed by impact, such as knapping, retouching, and pecking, represent the main part of the collection. Abrasives of stone items and anvils have been found in a lesser amount. According to the data obtained, the tools were based on whole pebbles and their fragments, pebble fragments with the traces of modification, core-shaped forms, and flakes from sedimentary and effusive rocks. The number and composition of the percussive and abrasive stone tools from archaeological units at the Anui-2 site correlate with the evidence of active primary and secondary processing of stone raw materials, noted at all stages of this archaeological site settlement. We have found out that all expressive tools for preparing the core splitting area by picketing belong to lamellar complexes of two lower horizons, tentatively associated with the culture of the early Upper Paleolithic.