Генетические механизмы биосинтеза катехинов, кофеина и L-теанина у чайного растения Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (обзор)

Автор: Малюкова Л.С., Самарина Л.С., Загоскина Н.В.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Статья в выпуске: 5 т.57, 2022 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Катехины, кофеин и L-теанин - основные вторичные метаболиты чайного растения Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Им отводится ключевая роль в формировании вкусовых качеств, пищевой и лекарственной ценности чая (W.J.M. Lorenzo с соавт., 2016; Z. Yan с соавт., 2020). Кроме того, они вовлечены в регуляцию жизнедеятельности растений, в частности в процессы адаптации к неблагоприятным условиям (Y.S. Wang с соавт., 2012; L.G. Xiong с соавт., 2013; G.J. Hong с соавт., 2014). Перечисленным определяется интерес к физиолого-биохимическим и молекулярным механизмам продукции катехинов, кофеина и L-теанина, селекции на повышение их содержания в растении (R. Fang с соавт., 2017; Kong W с соавт., 2022), а также к изучению их участия в ответе растений на стресс (P.O. Owuor с соавт., 2010). За последние 5 лет получено много новых знаний о генах биосинтеза катехинов, L-теанина и кофеина, однако в мировой литературе отсутствуют обзоры, которые обобщают эти данные и связывают их с новыми данными по регуляции стрессовых ответов у чая. Цель настоящего обзора - анализ и обобщение современных сведений о генетических механизмах биосинтеза катехинов, L-теанина, кофеина в тканях чайного растения, а также их связь с генами-регуляторами абиотических стрессовых ответов. Биосинтез катехинов осуществляется по фенилпропаноидному и флавоноидному путям (A. Laura с соавт., 2019; S. Alseekh с соавт., 2020) при участии генов халконсинтазы ( CHS ), антоцианидинсинтетазы ( ANS ), антоцианидинредуктазы ( ANR ) и лейкоантоцианидинредуктазы ( LAR ) (J. Bogs с соавт., 2005). В накоплении катехинов в чайном растении участвуют факторы регуляции транскрипции семейства MYB, которые регулируют экспрессию генов PAL , F3′H и FLS (C.-F. Li с соавт., 2015). Образование кофеина происходит в основном в листьях чая при модификации пурина (H. Ashihara, 2015) с участием генов IMPDH ( inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase ), SAMS ( S-adenosylmethionine synthetase ), MXMT ( 7-methylxanthine methyltransferase ) и TCS ( tea caffeine synthase ). Уже известны 132 транскрипционных фактора, относящихся к 30 семействам (в их числе кодируемые генами семейств bZIP , bHLH и MYB ), которые связаны с экспрессией генов биосинтеза кофеина (C.-F. Li с соавт., 2015). У C. sinensis образование L-теанина из глутамата с участием пирувата контролируется каскадом генов, основные из которых GS ( glutamine synthetase) , GOGAT ( glutamate synthase ), GDH ( glutamate dehydrogenase ), ALT ( alanine transaminase ), ADC ( arginine decarboxylase ) и TS ( theanine synthetase ) (C.Y. Shi с соавт., 2011; Y. Li с соавт., 2019). В регуляции этих процессов задействованы гены более 90 транскрипционных факторов - членов семейств AP2-EREBP , bHLH , C2H2 и WRKY , bZIP , C3H , MADS и REM (C.-F. Li с соавт., 2015). Обсуждается влияние стрессовых условий (засуха, холод, засоление, дефицита биогенных элементов) на образование и накопление биологически активных веществ. Недостаточно изученными остаются взаимосвязи между экспрессией генов метаболизма изучаемых соединений и транскрипционных факторов, а также изменения регуляторных сетей биосинтеза ценных метаболитов растений чая при различных экологических стрессах.

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Camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze, вторичные метаболиты, алкалоиды, аминокислоты, катехины, l-теанин, кофеин, гены метаболизма, экспрессия генов, транскрипционные факторы, засуха, пониженные температуры, засоление, питательные элементы

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142236359

IDR: 142236359 | DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.5.882rus

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