Genesis and evolution of the concept of chronotope: from psychomonism to a new ontology and cultural- historical epistemology

This article traces the history of the emergence and development of the concept of “chronotope”, which is popular in modern humanitarian studies. The cultural-epistemological determination of the emergence of this concept is revealed, motivated by the general crisis of classical metaphysics and empirical-inductive natural science. Several strategies for overcoming this crisis in various directions of postclassical philosophy are analyzed: anti-metaphysical (neo-positivism, critical realism, empirio-criticism), speculative-culturological (structuralism, semiotics, “new historicism”), neontological (neo-Kantianism and phenomenology, to which, in fact, Ukhtomsky and Bakhtin belonged).The continuity of A.A. Ukhtomsky and M.M. Bakhtin in relation to different currents of philosophical thought is established: psychologism (W. Wundt, W. Oswald, W. Dilthey, F. Paulsen, E. Mach, R. Avenarius, T. Lipps), vitalism (A. Bergson, F. Nietzsche), relativistic natural philosophy (A. Poincare, G. Minkowski, A. Einstein). Parallels are drawn with post-war phenomenology in the development of the concepts of “places” and “events” (late M. Heidegger, P. Ricoeur). It is shown that behavioral psychophysiology and postclassical cosmogony are not illustrative material for the concept of chronotope, moreover, they are not a kind of scientific basis. The chronotope is recognized as one of the postclassical epistems that form a coherent and total new ontology. The difference between the neurobiological mediation of the chronotope in Ukhtomsky and the cultural-linguistic one in Bakhtin was revealed. The speculative use of this category in structuralist and poststructuralist poetics is revealed.