Gene and genomic levels of domestication signature

Domestication is considered as a model of microevolution, problems and traits of domestication in animal species that distinguish them from closely related wild species are discussed. Data on different levels of "signature" of domestication, such as genomic, gene, protein, metabolomic, in the key genes of formation of economically valuable traits are presented. It is noted that the main differences of domesticated species from closely related wild ones are relatively high variability not only at the phenotypic level, manifested in large numbers of breeds and wide areas, but also in the population-genetic heterogenisity, as well as functional groups of genes involved in variability. The accumulated data suggest that there is a “subgenome”, the increased variability of which is a source of genetic heterogeneity of domesticated animals, necessary for effective selection on economically valuable traits and adaptive potential. Literary data on the comparative analysis of the differences between SNP and CNV markers indicate that, mostly in genomic regions, in which are localized differentiating these species types the SNP and CNV markers, localized the genes which are associated with the development of the nervous and immune systems, as well as the characteristics of animal productivity in agricultural species, and involved in these processes specific genes varies depending on species, that is, similar phenotypic solutions are achieved with the involvement of different genetic systems (F...