Grammatical features of the scientific and technical text mining and geological specialties

A term is a lexeme, phrase or derivational morpheme having at least one meaning known to a narrow circle of native speakers — specialists in a certain field.

Each lexical unit of language can become a term, if it goes into a specific highly specialized area and will denote certain concepts in this area. Terminological collocations are semantically integral collocations of two or more words that are related by preposition or in a non-complex way. They will be either stable expressions or free word combinations.

The main purpose of the scientific and technical text is to ensure the exchange of scientific information. For an adequate understanding of scientific information by multilingual representatives of science and technology, participants of professional communication of the relevant direction, it is important that the lexical and grammatical features of the translated text do not interfere with the perception of this information, do not create semantic barriers defined by "different meanings of the same statement ... that creates obstacles to mutual understanding between partners." Therefore, it is necessary to correctly define and take into account the lexical and grammatical features of the scientific and technical text when translating information from a foreign language into Russian and Vice versa by transforming the "content of certain speech units of one language into adequate content of speech units of another language".

Grammatical features of scientific and technical texts is that they use the same morphological forms and syntactic structures as in other types of texts. But here some grammatical phenomena can occur more often than in other types of texts. For example, according to researcher one of them in scientific and technical literature verbs in personal form meet in passive constructions roughly in six times more often, than in the artistic literature.

Consider the morphological peculiarities of scientific-technical text which refer to objects, processes, phenomena dominated by nominal structures and which tend to nominatively those. naming, designation of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions. It uses prepositional-nominal combinations instead of adverbs, for example: with accuracy instead of accurately. Exceptions are only amplifying adverbs, for example.: completely and others. The energy loss is markedly reduced.

Widely used plurals of material nouns (eg.: fats, etc.), in instrument names (dividers, etc.). Frequent use of the preposition of is noted.

Another morphological feature is the use of the verb in the form of the present simple tense in order to show events with the maximum degree of generalization and objectivity as timeless.

The use of verbs in the passive voice is explained by the fact that the author's attention is directed to specific processes, facts that need to be explained and described. Thus, the author's personality is relegated to the background, and the names of objects are put forward in the first place.

In sentences such verbs are widely used, the meaning and translation of which depends entirely on the nouns bearing the main semantic load in the sentence, for example.: to obtain and others.

The next morphological feature is the use of special stable expressions to strengthen the logical connection between sentences, for example.: to sum up and others. Some adverbs, for example, serve the same purpose.: finally and others. There is a wide use of unions and allied words, especially double ones, for example.: not merely ... but also. There are unions like thereby. Such features as the consistency and evidence of scientific presentation require the use of causeeffect unions and logical connections such as therefore and others.

Numerous cases of omission of the article, especially certain, eg.: General view is that... The article may often be absent before the names of specific parts, in technical descriptions, instructions, and also before the names of scientific fields, for example.: Armstrong Traps have long-live parts.

One of the main features of the scientific and technical text is its consistency. The presentation of the material is, as a rule, logically consistent monologue speech. Narrative sentences are very popular in them, interrogative sentences are extremely rare, and exclamation sentences are not characteristic at all, since they reflect high emotionality. English-language scientific and technical texts are characterized by a predominance of simple sentences. The number of complex sentences is slightly less, which is unusual for texts in Uzbek. In this regard, when translating from English into Russian, the grammatical method of translation is often used - combining sentences, that is, "a method of translation in which the syntactic structure in the original is converted by combining two (or more) simple sentences into one complex one."

The order of words in sentences is mainly direct, but there may be cases of inversion, due to the need for a logical connection. Inversion is often used also for logical allocation of separate semantic elements, i.e. the main from the bulk of the reported facts, for example.: In Table I are listed the data obtained. Considered in the next section are the most important conditions of the reaction.

Often the subject is expressed by a noun or its combination with other parts of speech. The function of the subject can be a noun only in the General case, the noun behind the preposition cannot be a subject. The subject can still be expressed by a pronoun, numeral, infinitive, gerund, subject of the subordinate sentence. A formal indication of the subject is the presence of articles or demonstrative, possessive or indefinite pronoun, numerals, e.g.: the field of telecommunication (has).

Scientific and technical literature seeks to describe and explain certain facts as accurately as possible, to point to a variety of signs of an object or phenomenon, so attributive constructions are common in materials. As the researcher M.M.Morozov wrote: "Any scientific or technical article is, in fact, a detailed definition".

Among the syntactic features we can distinguish the predominance of simple sentences, the presence of inversion, the use of nouns, pronouns, numerals and other parts of speech in the function of the subject, the use of a compound nominal predicate, attributive constructions.

The presented grammatical features determine such characteristic features of scientific and technical text as content, logic, sequence, description and explanation of facts, phenomena and processes.