Grivnas of the Tulva basin population in the 1st -5th centuries (based on the materials of burial grounds)

The article presents the results of studying metal jewelry for neck (grivnas) on the materials of two burial st th grounds of the 1 - 5 centuries: Krasnoyarskiy I and Kudashevskiy I of the Middle Kama region, located in the basin of the Tulva river, the left tributary of the Kama river in the Barda district of the Perm region. Morphological and technological characteristics of grivnas are given, and the typology of objects and interpretation of the meaning of objects in the funeral rite and location in the costume complex of the ancient population are presented. Metal grivnas are met mainly, along with other things: chalcedony beads, bronze buckles, bead items in women's burials and rarely in men's burials. The author reveals the tradition of the population of burial grounds to include grivnas in the composition of sacrificial complexes and the presence of grivnas in graves with sacrificial complexes. This fact made it possible to conclude that metal grivnas has traditionally been a part of the female costume of the local population. Mostly, the objects are made of bronze, rarely of tin brass and silver. Chronologically, a certain evolution th th of grivnas is noted, the existence of which can be traced in the graves of two periods: the 3-d-4 centuries and the 4 - 5th centuries. Analogies of grivnas on morphology, technology and composition of metal from the known funerary cemeteries of the Middle Kama region are given. As a result, the features of the metal grivnas of the studied collections are highlighted and a conclusion is drawn that the grivnas with round sections belong to the local Finno- Permian ethnos, whereas the grivnas with rhombic cross sections are connected with the Hunno-Sarmatian population.