Chamazulene and Its Content in Artemisia L. Plants Depending on Genetic and External Growing Conditions

Chamazulene is a sesquiterpene found in plants of the genus Artemisia L., which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and other activities. The content of chamazulene depends on the genetic characteristics of the species and environmental factors such as climate, soil and cultivation methods. Azulene is an “artifact” in its “pure” form, it is almost absent in natural sources. However it is found in large quantities in essential oils obtained by distillation of plant materials with water vapor from pro-azulenes. Pro-azulenes are sesquiterpene lactones and alcohols in plants, from which numerous azulene derivatives are synthesized. Biosynthesis of chamazulene includes two main pathways: mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate. Understanding the mechanisms of biosynthesis of chamazulene and the factors affecting its content is necessary for the effective use of this substance in medical and pharmaceutical practice. The article discusses the species of Artemisia L. plants containing chamazulene, indicating their geographical distribution and pharmacological activity, as well as the influence of various factors on the accumulation of chamazulene.