Characteristics of spring bread wheat landraces on plant productivity elements and yield under conditions of Western Siberia

Landraces of spring bread wheat are a valuable genetic material for breeding work. Such material is of particular value, since they contain a rich supply of gene alleles lost in the course of wheat breeding, which determine adaptability to biotic and abiotic factors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the varieties of wheat landraces on yield and main yield components in comparison with standard varieties of modern breeding. 94 ancient varieties of wheat from the VIR collection were studied. The studies were carried out on the experimental field of Omsk State Agrarian University under the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region in 2021-2022, field and laboratory methods were used. A higher yield was noted in the group of varieties of Russian origin (342 g/m2), the yield of Kazakh varieties of wheat landraces was 328 g/m2, and Central Asian varieties - 295 g/m2. Landraces from Central Asia were distinguished by a lower spike grains (27.5 pieces) in comparison with varieties of other ecological and geographical groups, but higher spike productivity and thousand kernel weight - 0.96 g and 34.9 g, consequently. The yield of landraces had an average positive correlation with the plant height - r = 0.35, number of productive tillers - r = 0.31, and the weight of plant grain - r = 0.49, which provides for the main contribution of these components to the yield of varieties of “folk selection” with increased adaptive potential. Clustering of varieties of wheat landraces by yield and productive elements revealed the distribution of varieties into three groups according to the level of yield, regardless of their ecological and geographical origin. For breeding for adaptability, you can use varieties included in the cluster with a yield level from 327 to 450 g/m2: Americanka (Yakutia, 1929), Sibirskaya (Tyumen region, 1923), Pererod (Kurgan region, 1911), Pererod (Saratov region, 1928), Lutescens 5 (Rostov region, 1928), Bashkirka Kugushevskaya (Buryatia, 1924), NOE k-23303, NOE k-23327 (Altai region, 1928), Rusak (Volgograd region, 1929), Galyanka (Altai region, 1930). The formation of a higher yield and elements of its structure in these varieties can be explained by the accumulation of specific adaptations to a specific ecological niche during the reproduction of varieties under conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia.