Surgical treatment of tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery

This review article presents an analysis of the world literature devoted to treating patients with tandem stenosis of the intra-and extra-cranial parts of the internal carotid artery. We indicate the frequency of tandem lesion occurrence and describe the applied instrumental methods of its diagnosis. The review demonstrates the results of tandem stenosis surgical treatment in both early and more modern studies and describes the possibilities of endovascular correction of extra- and intra-cranial stenosis of the internal carotid artery. The authors emphasise the lack of large-scale studies - including randomised studies - regarding combined, tandem carotid stenosis and the need for further studies.