Horse keeping hygiene

Introduction: Horse breeding is an important branch of animal husbandry, and horses are used as a workforce and produce products in agriculture, sports games, border posts, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and underground mines. More than 2.2 million horses are used in the national economy, which is equivalent to 150,000 tractors with a power of 1515 horsepower.

According to statistics, there were 90 million horses in the world before World War II. By 1980, there were 66 million horses in the world and 89 thousand in Uzbekistan. In independent Uzbekistan, attention to the development of horse breeding has increased. Horses were raised in stacks in stables and pastures, and kept in stables in separate dennies or groups. Working horses are tethered separately, and pedigree stallions, mares with foals, and riding sports horses are kept in special deniks. For horse breeding farms, TLM 9-83 is used, and farms are divided into breeding and commodity farms. In breeding farms, stables are built for 20, 40, 60, 80, and 120 mares. In pastures, 100, 200, 300, and even other mares are grazed together. In commercial farms intended for meat production, 150-900 units are planned, while in kumis production, 50-150 units are planned.

In stables built for working horses, there should be another table for the above, a workshop for repairing and stacking horses. In the commodity farm intended for the production of koumiss, there is a cooling room. Storage facilities for young pedigree foals have a dennik maneuver, training and hardening area, shower rooms, dennik, and separate sections for group storage. In pastures, 0.3-0.5 hectares of land are allocated for each horse, and if possible, fences are installed. Shelters are built to protect against wind and unfavorable weather. On all types of horse breeding farms, a veterinary department, a traction arch, an irrigation device, a blacksmith shop, a grinding workshop, a food warehouse, a landfill, and service rooms will be built. Structures for young horses are built from the direction of strong winds compared to other stables.

Relevance and significance of the experiment in production: The stable and its internal equipment must comply with the technology design standard (TLM 983). The stables are mainly constructed in G and P shapes, with stands and racks arranged in 2 rows. A forage and manure passage with a width of 2.6-3 m is made between them. In stud farms and stables, the feed-manure path is 2 m wide, built from the side of the wall. In one row of the stable, up to 12 dennies, up to 30 stools (horse stables) are placed, and other additional rooms are made in the center of the building. The height of the stud farm for pedigree horses is 3 m, for working horses 2.4 m, and for stud farms in commercial farms 2.7 m, and the height of the arena is 4.5 m. Buildings must be warm, bright, dry, and have good ventilation.

The floor area for one horse should be 5 - 5.5 m2, and the dennik - 10.5 - 12 m2, and the cells for bales should be 5 - 7 m2. In stalls where working horses are kept, the spaces between the horses are separated by a wooden wall. Its height is 1 m, 65 cm from the north. The barriers separating the denks are made of strong rope, a rachet, or a well-leveled board with a thickness of 5 cm at a height of 1.4 m.

Scientific results: Hygiene of feeding, watering and milking horses -compliance with hygiene requirements when feeding horses is a factor in increasing their health, productivity, and productivity. When creating a food ration, attention should be paid to the nutritional value of the feed, the sufficient content of protein, minerals, trace elements, and vitamins (carotene, vitamins D, B, C). Before and during breeding, stallions are given 2 feed units per 100 kg of weight, and 1.6 feed units at other times. Heavy-duty horses should be given 1.6-1.8 feed units, containing 130 g of digestible protein, 5 g of phosphorus, and 30-35 mg of carotene. During lactation, mares should be given 2 feed units per 100 kg of live weight, containing 100 g of protein, 6-7 g of calcium, 5 g of phosphorus, and 2025 mg of carotene.

The horse's diet consists mainly of alfalfa and fodder, and the stems of cereals are ground, steamed, and added to the feed. It is good to wash root crops, grind them, and cook them. To prevent botulism, corn and sunflower silage are given. When preparing silage, it is necessary to avoid contamination and soil mixing. The best fodder for horses are rice, barley, ground corn, bran, and oilcake. In America, the best feed for horses is a ration consisting of 12 times corn, 4 times rice, and 1 time oilcake.

Horses performing heavy work are rested for 1-1.5 hours in the morning, 2-3 hours at noon, and 1-1.5 hours in the evening. They are fed from evening till morning. To increase the horse's appetite, coarse feed is given first, then rice, then feed, and finally, coarse feed again. To protect the digestive organs from diseases, horses are not given fast food before and after work, that is, they are sent to work 50 minutes after feeding and fed 1 hour after work. In addition, caution is necessary when switching from one type of feed to another.Under the influence of untrained feed, digestion is disrupted, diarrhea, constipation, and colic occur.Giving rotten, contaminated, odorous, frozen, poisonous herbs, and sand-soil mixed feeds is prohibited.

Horse watering is most often carried out 3 times, in summer 5-6 times. Watering in hot weather causes tingling symptoms and rheumatic inflammation of the hooves. After work, the skin is rested for hardening. Half an hour after the horse's body cools, give half a bucket of water, and another half an hour until full. When feed is watered after meals, it breaks, meaning barley, rice, and rye boil and fermentation occurs. Therefore, watering should be done 40-50 minutes before or 2 hours after feeding.

Milking mares - milking mares and making healthy kumis has been known since ancient times.Currently, dried milk powder is produced to provide yearround kumis.The best milk production period for mares is 7-12 years old, and the quality of kumis depends on pasture conditions, preparation technology, and feed nutritional value. At the milking stations, separate sheds and rooms for separating foals are prepared. The mares are grazed in pastures throughout the day and additionally fed 2-3 kg of feed. A good milk-producing mare gives up to 10-24 liters of milk per day, of which 50-70% is suckled by foals. If a milking mare's milk production increases and she loses weight, the ration should be increased to 12-13 feed units, and the amount of succulent and root-meal feeds should be increased.

During the milking period, the foal is kept for 2-3 hours, then gradually bred and kept with the mare for 14-18 hours. After 30-40 days of birth, the mares are milked 5-6 times a day. The decrease in milk yield in mares is caused by rapid changes in milking processes, noise, the arrival of strangers, changing the dressing gown, and other factors. Milking foals is always done simultaneously. If the mare has uncomfortable movements or starts gnawing at the trough, milking should be stopped immediately.

The calving of mares often occurs in March and April, during humid and cold weather. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the stables, close the demohods, and maintain the air temperature in the stables within +6+10°C. In particular, the estates where mares give birth must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

A healthy foal quickly gets on its feet and begins to search for its mother's udder, and most importantly, gives colostrum 0.5-1 hour after birth. If the foal does not suckle for various reasons, it is breastfed every 1-1.5 hours. After the foal reaches maturity, it begins to suckle from its mother. If the mare does not take the calf, then the foal is trained by feeding a mare born on the same day as it. Newborn foals often do not have their first feces, in which case an enema is performed quickly. Sometimes foals are born with a closed anus, in which case a veterinarian provides assistance. In production practice, foals are also bred with cow's milk. The difference between horse and cow's milk is that cow's milk contains more fat and protein, but less sugar. Therefore, one spoon of sugar dissolved in hot water is added per 1 liter of milk. Milk should be pure and have a temperature of 36-38°C. Foals are fed every 1.5-2 hours in the first 2 months, and later 4-5 hours per day. Foals grow very quickly and well up to 1 year of age. Therefore, mares are given good, high-quality, and nutritious feed. If foals are weak, if the embryo is born, they are sensitive to cold, moisture, and air temperature, and they shiver. At such times, it is necessary to massage their body and legs, and provide warm and soft bedding. 3-5 days after birth, it is taken out with the mother for 30-40 minutes and gradually extended over time. The work of a horse is measured by how far it pulls the load (kg/m, kg/km, ton/km).Working horses are used for 10-12 hours a day, and during seasonal periods for 12-14 hours.In hot weather, they tire quickly when humidity increases.

Conclusion: Proper use of horses as a workforce is crucial for maintaining their health and increasing productivity. The work to be done is divided according to the horse's strength. Work should not be overloaded, as this reduces labor productivity and leads to various diseases. Horses reach full strength at 4-5 years of age. The maximum performance of horses without harming their health depends on the following factors: The horse's fatness, age and weight, preparation and training of the horse for work, selection of appropriate horse harness, timely feeding, watering and resting of the horse, climatic conditions, terrain, road conditions, physiological condition of the horse, etc.