Humanization of the regional science»: Social Health of the European North

Over the past 20 years as a result of the disintegration of the country and the ensuing economic reforms, Russia (USSR), according to experts, has lost about 28.3 million people (total de- mographic losses ) [1]. This exceeds the population losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (26.6 million people) [2, p.3]. Of course, the whole population estimates questionable because they bear the stamp of the political preferences and different ideologies. For example, data and Colonel-General G. F. Krivosheeva criticized. In this paper we are not interested in the absolute values of the losses and we do not intend to hold a discussion on this matter. We are interested in the cause of Russian's demographic catastrophe.

Extraordinary researcher Professor I. A. Gundarov not share the views of the vulgar economic noting the tradition of the modern demographers in Russia to produce population projections based on the dependence of health and life expectancy "of the economic well-being" - is another paradigm - "the law of the spiritual health of determination" [3, p. 123-124 ]. He refers to a historical fact, when the Soviet Union in 1943 there has been a sudden decrease in morbidity and mortality among the Soviet people, surviving until the end of the war. Another trend, according to the scientist, observed in other belligerent countries where mortality, unlike the Soviet Union, has increased everywhere: " ... in the Netherlands, it has grown by 28% in France to 15% in Belgium to 14% in England 6 % in Norway and Germany by 3%". And despite the fact that in the USSR in 1943 compared with 1940, the food production significantly decreased and the turnover decreased by 68%. Gundarov believes that such "force was improving energy of hope, born the battle of Stalingrad, the fair will to achieve victory over the terrible enemy, the desire to serve the Fatherland to save him". On the other hand, after 1964 in the USSR trend of deteriorating health and increased mortality on the "background of the continuous improvement of living standards". I. A. Gundarov argues that "alcoholism, smoking and environmental troubles are not significant factors in the sharp rise in mortality" [4]. The decisive factor, based on the analysis of the statistics and other data for the last 100 years, Gundarov calls spiritual trouble (feeling of hopelessness, worthlessness, loss of meaning in the life.) For a reference point today demographic crisis in Russia, "he took a wealthy 60 - ies of the last century. I.A. Gundarov as Nicholas Eberstadt American scientist has consistently rejected the traditional risk factors, and cause high mortality scientist offers to seek "in the growth of the spiritual distress" [5]. He shows that in the USSR for 1965-1980 years, the Kill levels rose by 80 %, 60% of suicides, and divorces by 130%.

To some extent, I. A. Gundarov in their judgments close to the point of the view of the contemporary Russian nationalist Neo-Eurasians S. Kara - Murza, who in his new book, "Dismantling people" writes: "Citizens, who receives no loss of the state, economic and cultural independence Russia, make up the vast majority of the population. But it is split and not organized our nation. has been "removed" broken up during the reform years. However, a community of the citizens having the features of the Russian sovereign nation may be revived in the short term [6]. I. A. Gundarov by spirituality in a secular understanding of the consciousness involves the activities aimed at the search for the meaning of life and their place in it [7].

Currently in the West fashionable hypothesis of James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis. Its essence is that social networks can be used to detect any spread of the epidemics: from innovative ideas to a socially dangerous behavior or viruses [8]. Principally in the theoretical terms it contains nothing fresh, because for us, social hygienists, there is nothing new in the fact that the environment is not only surrounds, but also forms person, sculpts her own image and likeness, whether we like it or not .

We firmly believe that "our freedom of choice - is an illusion", which can be explained by social ties. In this context, one of the most important contemporary international instruments that must be considered when developing strategies for the social development of the country and its regions, a strategy of the social cohesion [9]. Revised Strategy for Social Cohesion dates back to 2004 and, as its name implies, is a new version of the original strategy, adopted in 2000, authors of the concept came from the fact that the idea of the social cohesion are relevant today, and was derived definition of the Council of Europe: "Social cohesion - is the ability of the society to ensure the welfare of all its members, minimizing disparities and avoiding marginalization". We closer second definition of the term, when "social cohesion ... creates a strong social ties and members of the public with the consent of their joint responsibilities ..."[9]. The idea of the social cohesion is seen as a "common approach that combines social factors with the factors of the economy, politics and culture". Argues that policy needs such a broad (but not vague) social approach that can serve as a vision or end point in relation to the social problems [9].

In this regard, pointedly about the fate of our country may indicate data on the components of the social health, including depopulation. Respectively, our state and society must raise, strengthen the "social cohesion" of Russian society as a strategy for the social security and quality of life. In a formal sense, it is output to the Russian standards of quality of life and well-being of developed countries where the minimum target benchmarks are two indicators. First, a general indicator of the standard of living - GDP per capita in purchasing power parity should be increased from 13.7 thousand U.S. dollars (2006) to $ 30 thousand in 2020 and about 50 thousand dollars in 2030. Secondly, the average life expectancy (LE estimated) in 2020 is expected to increase to 75 yearsInterestingly, in 2010 life expectancy in Russia has the same level of lag in 12-16 years from the U.S. and the "old" European Union (EU), as it was in Tsarist Russia in 1900 [10]. Noteworthy in this connection that in 1965 the RSFSR the gap was only 2-3 years. In the period 1991-2010, mean- ing of the life expectancy in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan decreased by 3-5 years. At the same time, in the "new" EU countries in the period 1991-2010. L.E. value grew steadily, reaching 75 years, and became 4.5 years more than in Belarus, and in 6 years more than in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Naturally mortality in Russia tends to decrease. But in comparison to other countries it is a multiple of the above: in Russia in 2010, the overall mortality rate (CMR) 1430 totaled 100 thousand people in Italy - 511.6, Israel and Sweden - 533.4 in Norway - 549, Belgium - 635 and U.S. - 642, respectively [11, 12].

The view of the scientific independence regionology remains the controversial and unresolved until the end. Along with the major work "Sociology regional transformations" [13] is very useful in understanding the history of the northern Russian community should recognize the book of T. I Troshina "From Peter the Great to Stalin” [14]. The main advantage of this monograph is it’s the cessibility for the interdisciplinary discussion. Contents of the book indicate an unwillingness to follow well-established website myths. Naturally, that this interesting work stands controversial propositions and conclusions.

The problem of "the great redistribution" certainly defines a new surge of the interest to sociologists, philosophers and social regional specialistds [15]. Became the subject of the Arctic, the geopolitical theme. Obviously, a professor of human Y. F. Lukin, believes that the problem of the scientific research of the northern communities still rests on the conceptual apparatus and positioning regionology as "interdisciplinary Mega science" of the regions [16, 17]. The scientist believes that regional approach is needed, on the one hand, to obtain holistic knowledge, and on the other, for a full simulation practice. Thus, he assigns regionology, as the "key role in developing the Arctic socio-humanitarian knowledge paradigm" based on an interdisciplinary synthesis of all spheres of life. Single object explores the northern regionology. He speaks about Russian Arctic. It is unclear, however, that is the so-called regionological methodically approach allows us to "get a complete system of knowledge, gender-fledged model for the practice". In the other work of Y. F. Lukin, standing on the platform of the philosophical understanding of the social phobia, the Arctic is "uncharted ground, little known and understood by the modern man" [18]. What and how in this case will help regionology? Indeed, a major health and environmental stressor in the North as in the duration and intensity acts cold. And in this regard by the northerner’s krio phobia naturally reckoned not just to phobias and the social problems.

At the same time, it is well known that the most prevalent krio phobia and health consequences of low temperatures dwellings of the poor England and Israel, It is clearly, they are not Nordic. Phobias are not something purely regional – is the northern phenomenon. Thus, Giddens averted the risks created by humans, a significant role in the construction of the modern world [19]. Ulrich Beck defines the risk, perhaps as a result of the systematic interaction of the society with the threats and dangers [20].

Hygienic scientific knowledge about the interaction of the natural stressors certainly suggest only one thing: in the techno sphere (modern Habitat) natural factors, for the most part, do not interact with the person directly and in isolation, is the style of their lifestyle, about the stereotypical life. They are combined with the technological and the social risk factors stochastically regulate frequency in the human population’s imbalance of the immune mechanisms [22]. Secondary immuno deficiencies underlie many human diseases, both infectious and noninfectious, including cancer.

For many decades we have found the attraction of high frequency (probability) of the primary morbidity of the children in the Arkhangelsk region, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk. In the most cases, this pattern is confirmed in the official long-term data [23]. This fact holds for the most classes of the diseases. This statement is true with respect to the class of the pathology of the pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, for the official statistics to areas at the risk of (2003-2007.) They were classified in Koryazhma - 36.1 1000 and Novodvinsk - 44.0 on 1000.

In the statistical studies of other authors and using different methods, it was confirmed that most poor children's health again has been found in the single-industry cities (Novodvinsk, Korjazhma) in the environment which is more risk factors (RF), the stressors of the different nature [24]. One can not ignore that the "cold" causal factor here appears sufficient cause of morbidity (the reason inevitably leads to the morbidity of the population), which has a removable components. Social measures should regulate seasonal and daily temperature extremes, low temperatures (<20-25 °C), vertical and horizontal temperature gradients ( >2°C), cold floors and walls of residential buildings in the children's educational institutions. At the same time, the effect of the environmental factors with an intensity exceeding the limits of the "optimum zone" should be regarded as pollution of the human environment [25, 26, and 27].

D. S. Pavlov and G. A. Sofronov explore remote medical effects of the chemical pollution of the areas (Agent Orange) in Vietnam, proved nonspecific and non-linear nature of this interaction [28]. Scientists concluded that the final conclusion about the dangers of the certain ecological, toxicological stress expedient to form, taking into account population and individual changes in the ecological systems. In the context of the concept of the regional social security, it is important that the authors use the term "eco toxicological factor", which can be equated to multicomponent suf- ficient reason morbidity. This reflects a general sense of the social and environmental methodology and need not linear and systems thinking in the analysis of the integral quality indicators of the social life. This requires a "multidisciplinary approach" in the sociology - Integrative sociology.

The Northern Russian ethnic groups have historically been formed, according to T. I. Troshina, the streams of the southern Russian (Slavic) colonists. Russian population in the northern Russian evolved in very special circumstances, where the influence of the climatic factors was particularly noticeable. The main feature of Russian life in the vast expanses of the North author considers their isolation, including economic. Specifically, the differences in the structure of the mortality author objectively explained by the social, rather than climatic factors. And quite naturally, these provisions are an additional confirmation of the distribution among the women of European North. Phenomenon, which the author claims to significantly less common in the agricultural and fishing areas than in the half agricultural, where the share of the female population, according to the author, have got hard life and hard labor. In this regard, it is difficult to agree with the conclusion of Troshina that "the whole Russian population of the North was fairly healthy physical and mental attitude and had a very high percentage of older people" [14]. T. I. Troshina noted that in the Arkhangelsk region with the average life expectancy was very low because of the high infant and child mortality. The predominance of the female deaths aged 20-35 historianethnographer explains the frequent pregnancies and childbirth. Increasing the level of male mortality in the age range of 30-40 years, she connects with injuries on fisheries and manufacturing, as well as drinking bouts, traditionally among the fishing population, refocuses on factory work.

Early last century, Mendeleev wrote that "the Russian people began to seek in large numbers in the city" [29]. Today in the Russian Arctic population lives mainly in the urban settlements and industrial centers (Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Severodvinsk, Norilsk etc.). Regionology in this regard may be found in other approval of Professor Y. F. Lukin that is an interdisciplinary science of the regional societies [30]. Based on this promise, in the realities of the modern European (Russian) north as an object of the science should be considered regionology urban communities, Northern Habitat.

Gumilev saw the problem of the ethno genesis on the intersection of the science: history, landscape studies, biological ecology and genetics. He did not share the view of a single ancestor ethnicity and believed that a systematic approach can be considered as a system of the ethnicity: "Ethnicity – is not just a crowd of people ... and the system for the various tastes and abilities, personalities, products of their activity, traditions, accommodating geographical environment, the ethnic environment, as well as certain trends in the development of the dominant system" [31].

The concept of the ethno-demographic balance of the North with the nursing landscape created by K. P. Ivanov and S. Khrushchev. The ethnicity, in their opinion, is the original form of adaptation of the different human communities, manifested as a "pattern of behavior to its biocenosis" feeding "landscape" [32]. Eco sphere if perceived as athnotzenoz, where backbone imperative acts trophic relationship community. We call attention to the fact that the inhabitants of the modern northern cities are not connected with the man-made landscape trophic (Habit) North and the Arctic, and it is obvious that in this context the term of the "northern people (nordmen)" is no more than a metaphor! Paradoxically, the population of the Murmansk region in fully furnished dairy products than those in the Arkhangelsk region, where a very low per capita consumption of milk can be considered as a health and environmental risk factor, one possible component of the sufficient causes of the disease.

But more likely, in the relation to our topic that regionology - is "severologiya" ie "extra schience motivation" [33]. Today this trend prevails in the Russian education: "science-assemblies" (general subject area and methodological arsenal) are giving way to the "science-conglomerates". Convergence is caused by the fashion or the "social order". Moreover, in the heart of the issue "severologiya", Russian Arctic geopolitics clearly defined and the forthcoming development of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic shelves. This paradigm clearly leads to a deadlock of the social development of the North and the Arctic. In the end, we can agree with the metaphor of Professor E. V. Kudryashova [34] and the Arctic as a large common house of Russia and other countries. But in this case, the term "home" allows us to move freely to the environmental methodology, considering the actual methodology of the social ecology "Regional Studies".

The more problems of the education, production and culture of the country will be delayed, the more expensive it will cost to the society [36, p.21- 23]. We agree with the author about the need for the social ecology in the list of the major scientific disciplines (list WAC), the development of the model courses for the regional universities roses, supporting all kinds of the public education initiatives of O. V. Aksenov. He goes further and says that "eco socialism (neoMarxism)" assumes the anthropo centrism, a man, his well-being and the development are the main purpose of the conversion of the medium [37]. Peculiar, but it is not justified that NArFU no appropriate department, or even laboratory...

In conclusion we note that the last two decades in Russia has worsened the health status of the population, which is reflected in the increasing incidence [38]. Incidence is steadily increasing, despite the decline in the mortality rates. The level of the overall morbidity of the Russian population has increased significantly since 1995, but not the same in the different age groups: 70.1 % of the children, 51.8% of the adults and 2 times among the adolescents. On the background of the extremely high mortality and short life expectancy of the citizens of our country, this fact may indicate inefficiency of the social interventions in the social health. At the same time the most sensitive indicator reflecting environmental and social well-being, is the health of the children. In children, long-term residents in the areas with environmental tensions of the reliable frequently recorded three or more chronic diseases per patient. Factors higher suicide risk in the Komi Republic in the comparison with the average of Russian by V. M. Terebihin [39]. As a predictor of the suicidal behavior of it indicates a higher level of alcoholism. Degree of alcoholism population, primarily students, apparently reflects the complex relationship mechanisms of the socio-cultural reproduction mass deviance [40]. But the socio-cultural feature is little conscious regionology due perhaps their methodological limitations.