The lead implantation into the cardiac conduction system for permanent cardiac pacing: intraoperative visualization techniques

The cardiac conduction system pacing is a promising method of cardiac pacing. The thematic review highlights the issues of modern additional methods of intraoperative visualization, their advantages and limitations. The availability of additional intraoperative visualization techniques in complex situations and during the training phase is of great help. Their use makes it possible to reduce the number of false septal implantations, complications, and radiation exposure to the operator.