Influence of selection-organizational and genetic factors on efficiency of stock breeding in dairy cattle breeding of the Orel region

Автор: Polukhina M.G.

Журнал: Вестник аграрной науки @vestnikogau

Статья в выпуске: 6 (51), 2014 года.

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The article presents the research results of group of enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding according to breeding status, to the number of dairy cattle live stock, to cattle breeds, to management system and dairy cattle productivity. There is productivity comparison of daughters of the stud bulls with mothers, herd mates and mean herd productivity; also the selection is simulated. The dependence of correlations between selection-genetic characteristics from culling intensity is determined. The research is done in the enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding in the Orel region.

Dairy cattle breeding, breeding status, milk productivity, simmental cattle, white-and-black cattle, holstein, management system, live-stock population, cost, correlation, selection modeling, culling

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147124200

IDR: 147124200

Текст научной статьи Influence of selection-organizational and genetic factors on efficiency of stock breeding in dairy cattle breeding of the Orel region

Improvement of breeding system of white-and-black and Simmental cattle on the regional level should be reasonably realized via live-stock breeding enterprises that are formed in the frames of the state support. The considerable part of the organizations having the status of a breeding enterprise does not consider selection activity the principle direction of dairy cattle breeding efficiency increase. This is due to the fact that not all organizations mastered techno and technological, organizational efficiency enhancement potentials of milk productivity. In our previous researches we detected the dependency of offspring productivity from the correctness of parental pairs selection, particularly stud bulls [1-7], but selection activity efficiency is often leveled out with unfavorable conditions of maintenance and feeding. In this connection we formulated principle directions of complex improvement of breeding system of white-and-black and Simmental cattle.

Estimation of average milk yield and cost of 1 c of milk was done on the example of the Orel region enterprises. The researches on the influence of selective genetic traits, correlations between them and culling for productive qualities of dairy cattle were carried out on Holstein white-and-black cattle in LLC “Kurakinskoye”. Cattle live stock in the enterprise was presented with pure bred white-and-black cows of line Х.А. Adema 44162, and also hybrids with white-and-black Holsteins. Pure bred white-and-black cows were taken as control. The principle of pair-analogues was applied in the researches. Methodic research ground is the works of V.M. Kuznetsov (2006-2012). Software application «Microsoft Ехсel» was used for statistical analysis.

In the Orel region there are 94 dairy direction enterprises from the 20 enterprises have breeding status. We carried out grouping of the households engaged in dairy cattle breeding according to the breeding status presence (Table 1).

Table 1 – Enterprises grouping according to breeding status

Status	Enterprises number	Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal		Production output, c		Productivity, kg		Cost 1 c, rub. number.
Status	Enterprises number	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012
breeding	20	540	579	27405	30384	4243	5073	921	1170
nonbreeding	74	254	330	7856	12284	2591	3254	1159	1640

Enterprise grouping according to status found out indisputable superiority of over nonbreeding enterprises because cows of breeding enterprises have great productivity (for 2012 - 5073 kg that is by 1819 kg more than productivity of cows in the enterprises that are not engaged in breeding activity). Average milk yield increase took place on the background of milk centner cost reduction.

Table 2 presents grouping of agricultural enterprises of the Orel region according to dairy cattle productivity of 2012 data.

Table 2 – Grouping of agricultural enterprises of the Orel region according to dairy cattle productivity of 2012 data

Status	Enterprises number	Productivity, kg	Average productivity, kg	Cost of 1 c, rub.kop.
Nonbreeding	40	less than 3500	3255	1640
	18	3501-4500	4035	1150
	10	4501-6000	4850	1078
	6	more than 6001	6982	1413
Breeding	1	less than 3500	3108	1476
	3	3501-4500	4430	1192
	9	4501-6000	5645	1245
	7	more than 6001	6826	1261

The data of Table 2 show that the majority of nonbreeding enterprises breed cows with low productivity (on the average of 3255 kg per year). Cost of 1 milk centner in these enterprises is 1640 rub. That is on the average by 381 rub. more that in the rest enterprises. In the region there are only 6 nonbreeding enterprises, having cattle with productivity more than 6001 kg per year.

The bulk of the breeding enterprises keep cows with the average milk yield of 5645 kg per year. In the region 7 out of 20 breeding enterprises have the cow productivity more than 6001 kg per year, on the average in the enterprises 6826 kg per year.

Taking into consideration two present ways of dairy cattle management (tied and untied) we’d like to stress that untied way year by year is widely implemented at farms, dairy complexes and breeding live stock enterprises.

Table 3 presents grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to the system of dairy cattle management.

Table 3 – grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to the system of dairy cattle management

Enterprises number	Management system	Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal		Production output, c.		Productivity, kg.		Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
Enterprises number	Management system	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012
4	tied	528	520	25369	27573	4933	5469	1185	1351
4	untied	642	656	42908	43976	6561	6680	1142	1174

Data of table 3 show that untied management of dairy cattle is more effective than tied management. Thus, untied management of cattle milk yield is by 16403 centners more than at tied management. Cow productivity at untied management is also more by 1211 kg per year. Cost of 1 milk centner at untied management is by 13% less or by 177 rubles.

The results show indisputable superiority of breeding herds over collected nonbreeding herds. Holstein breed surpassed the rest breeds by productivity. Thus, in 2012 it was 6225 kg per year. But, Holstein breed is not typical for the region and is managed only in 2 breeding nucleuses. The cows of nonbreeding and collected herds have the minimum productivity. Their productivity is by a mean of 55% less than in herds with breeding status by 1 breed.

The enterprises having breeding status vary according to live-stock population number from small enterprises (to 200 animals) to large dairy complexes (more than 601 animals). The largest breeding enterprise of the Orel region has milking herd of 2900 animals.

Table 5 presents grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to dairy cattle population.

Table 4 – Grouping of grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to breeds contained

Enterprises number	Breed	Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal		Production output, c.		Productivity, kg		Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
Enterprises number	Breed	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012
5	simmental	615	621	34981	37547	5758	6153	1047	1183
11	white-and-black	657	662	30186	30972	4891	5184	1134	1257
2	holstein	1055	1049	68568	65297	6524	6225	1625	1559
74	Breeding and collected nonbreeding herds	254	330	7856	12284	2591	3255	1159	1640

- holsteined simmental breed, - holsteined white-and-black breed.

Table 5 – Grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to dairy cattle population

Enterprises number	Number of animals	Average annual livestock population, animal		Production output, c.		Productivity, kg		Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
Enterprises number	Number of animals	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012
2	1-200	60	875	3003	4523	2502	5308	567	1566
6	201-400	325	340	16112	18160	4997	5340	1156	1234
3	401-600	5255	534	36772	39032	6879	7198	1053	1192
7	601 and more	12085	1302	56453	62460	4715	6038	1190	1581

Table 6 – Comparison of daughters of the stud bulls with mothers, herd mates by the productivity and mean herd productivity

Name and line of a bull

Daughters productivity

Mothers productivity

Herd mates productivity

Mean herd productivity

5 5

5 tn о ~ 05

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^ ю

со

£ ™

tn CD

-о

со

3 ™

5 tn CD

>^ "О

со

О)

3 ™

5 tn CD

>^ "О

со

О)

Dar, Vis Back Ideal 1013415

4143 ±77

3,64 ±0,02

152,2 ±2,3

4468 ±91

3,58 ±0,02

159,3 ±3,2

4335 ±57,2

3,62 ±0,01

150 ±2

4128 ± 45

3,63 ±0,01

150,2 ±1,6

Levkoy, Montwick Chieftain 95679

3682 ±58 ***

3,62 ±0,01

133,2 ±2,1

***

4518 ±83

3,61 ±0,02

163,0 ±3,1

3931 ±54

3,64 ±0,02

158 ±2 ***

4128 ± 45

3,63 ±0,01

150,2 ±1,6

Rom, Montwick Chieftain 95679

4533 ±75 ***

3,63 ±0,03

164,6 ±2,8 ***

4233 ±108

3,56 ±0,02

150,2 ±3,8

4106 ±50 **

3,63 ±0,01

143 ±2

4128 ± 45

3,63 ±0,01

150,2 ±1,6

Dobryak, Х.А.Adema 44162

4438 ±120

3,59 ±0,01

150,5 ±4,3

4696 ±186

3,55 ±0,06

166,9 ±7,7 *

4335 ±47

3,63 ±0,01

150 ±2

4128 ± 45

3,63 ±0,01

150,2 ±1,6

Note: *-р< 0,05, * *-р< 0,01, ** *-р< 0,001

The obtained data on the grouping of the enterprises of the Orel region suggest the possibility to come to the conclusion that in the herds with cow population from 401-600 animals stock breeding is carried out more effective, and performance indicators of dairy cattle breeding (productivity and 1 centner cost) sufficiently surpass similar indicators of the enterprises with larger and smaller livestock population. As a result it is reasonable to recommend the breeding live stock enterprises to form milking herds with population from 400 to 600 animals that allows maximum realization of animal potential and rational organization of stock breeding.

From Table 6 it follows that stud bull Levkoy of line Montwick Chieftain 95679 turned out to be deteriorating. Productive qualities of his daughters were lower in comparison with not only mothers and herd mates but also herd average. Bull Rom of line Montwick Chieftain 95679 is an improver according to milk yield for 305 days, fat mass percentage, and milk fat amount. His daughters gave 4533 liters of milk for 305 days, that is more than the indicators of the rest of the groups by a mean of 373 liters, according to fat mass percentage by 0,03%, according to fat content in kg for 114,6 kg. According to the productivity they surpass not only all herd but also their herd mates and mothers. Bull Dar of line Vis Back Ideal 1013415 is an improver according to the percentage fat content and protein content.

Table 7 – Modeling of selection in herd white-and-black holsteined cattle

го го СТ с "5 О	с	Productivity
го го СТ с "5 О	с	ч- 2 ^ ф "° II ^Ё	£ с	о СО 2 (Л	го	ст ^ го	с ■ф о £L	о о 2 (Л	ф 2 £ § Е	д' 2 с о го го _\|	сл "ф ф	ф с . ГО с о ф " с ^фо. го ^
0%	224	359	4526	4128	3,63	150,2	3,10	1742	1,408	83	459	134
0%	224	±7	±74	±45	±0,01	±1,6	±0,02	±14	±0,006	±1	±2	±6
				According to		milk yield for 305 days
10%	202	364	4649	4249	3,63	154,1	3,10	1758	1,408	84	458	139
10%	202	±7	±74	±40*	±0,01	±1,5	±0,02	±14	±0,007	±1	±2	±6
20%	179	371	4779	4349	3,63	157,7	3,10	1776	1,412	85	457	144
20%	179	±7	±78*	±39***	±0,01	±1,5***	±0,02	±15	±0,007	±1	±2	±7
30%	156	377	4911	4447	3,63	161,3	3,10	1792	1,415	86	454	150
30%	156	±7	±82***	±39***	±0,01	±1,4***	±0,02	±17*	±0,008	±1	±2*	±7
40%	134	377	4975	4548	3,62	164,7	3,10	1805	1,414	87	454	145
40%	134	±7	±87***	±39***	±0,01	±1,5***	±0,03	±18**	±0,009	±1	±2**	±7
50%	112	378	5090	4657	3,62	168,5	3,11	1813	1,417	87	451	148
50%	112	±8	±99***	±40***	±0,01	±1,5***	±0,02	±21**	±0,010	±1	±2**	±8

Note: *-р< 0,05., **-р< 0,01., ***-р< 0,001.

According to analysis of the selection models by milk yield for 305 days it is possible to conclude that the most effective culling is 20%. At this value of culling there is considerable increase of indicators of milk yield for lactation, 305 days and 100 days, milk fat. This conclusion is confirmed with high confidence of correlation factor. More intensive culling is not economically profitable, because of considerable reduction of herd population, and milk yields decrease. Furthermore, productive qualities of herd replacements that will fill the live stock population gap are unknown.

The culling according to fat content is considered ineffective, because to achieve the obvious results is necessary to cull from 40 to 50% of herd, which is economically ineffective. The culling according to weight also can be considered useless for herd of milk productivity direction, because at 20% of culling milk yield indicators decrease sufficiently. This culling can be recommended only for cattle of beef direction [1-9].

Thus, 20% culling increases average milk yield of a herd by 5,6% and allows realization of simple reproduction of a herd at the average lactations number of cows of milking herd, equal to 3 years. According to the data obtained the optimal value of correlations was at 20% culling. The result is confirmed with high confidence of correlation factor. Thus, culling is a powerful tool in herd formation, improved by selection characteristics and genetic static parameters. Considering the correlations between characteristics and choosing the optimal percent of culling by the most important selection feature it is possible to obtain the sufficient increase of efficiency of white-and-black cattle selection.

Table 8 – Dependence of correlation between its selection characteristics from culling intensity in the herd of white-and-black cattle

го го О) с "5 О	с	Correlation
го го О) с "5 О	с	ел го ■0 О) S го о 1 О) ф	(Л о о ГО V- о го	- О) (Л го £ О) о g ОО > ф 1	ф	ГО °s о 1 ф	S О) "ф	(Л го ■о ф
0	133	0,973±0,005	0,791±0,033	-0,050±0,087	-0,042±0,087	0,782±0,034	0,049±0,087	0,259±0,081
Culling by milk yield
10	122	0,962±0,007	0,767±0,037	-0,011±0,091	-0,014±0,091	0,750±0,040	-0,010±0,091	0,208±0,087
20	108	0,949±0,010 *	0,710±0,048	-0,184±0,093	0,114± 0,095	0,905±0,017 ***	0,885±0,021 ***	-0,456±0,077 ***
30	94	0,935±0,037	0,673±0,077	0,112±0,104	0,079±0,104	0,629±0,081	-0,087±0,104	0,018±0,104
40	80	0,918±0,045	0,656±0,085	0,051±0,113	0,029±0,113	0,596±0,091 *	-0,058±0,113	-0,013±0,113 *
50	67	0,898±0,055	0,551±0,103 *	0,126±0,123	0,085±0,124	0,475±0,109 **	-0,085±0,124	-0,046±0,124 *

Note: *-р<0,05, * *-р<0,01, ** *-р<0,001.

Table 9 – Calculation of cost efficiency from using stud bulls

Name and line of a bull	Yield for lactation, kg	Fat, %	Yield in base fatness, kg	Income per 1 cow, thous. rub.	Profit increment, thous. rub.
Dobryak, Х.А.Adema 44162	4179	3,59	4413	52,95	-5,04
Dar V. B. Ideal 1013415	4441	3,64	4754	57,05	-0,93
Levkoy М. Chieftain 95679	3983	3,62	4241	50,89	-7,10
Rom М. Chieftain 95679	5072	3,63	5415	64,98	7,00
All herd	4526	3,63	4832	57,99	0,00

Calculation of cost efficiency shows that for enterprise bull Rom of line Montwick Chieftain was the most profitable, profit increments from his usage was 7 thous. rubles 1 cow per year.

Summing up the results it is possible to state that model of efficient dairy cattle breeding includes: the presence of breed status, live stock population from 400 to 600 animals of dairy cattle, untied management, Holsteined Simmental and white-and-black cattle, 20% culling by selection and genetic characteristics taking into account correlations between them, further breeding with usage of bulls improvers.

Thus, enterprises having breed status can get active state support and have the possibility to carry out effective selection work in their enterprise. Live stock population optimization allows reducing expenditures for milk production, because for this given population there is adapted standard series of equipment. Untied animal management allows: decreasing production cost and labor expenditures; production modernizing (modern milking machines and mechanization tools, and their rational application); increasing of efficiency of production areas usage (by 20-30% cows more, per unit area); providing warm places for rest; effective prevention of hooves disease; individual animal observation; early recognition of cows in bulling.

Holsteined Simmental and white-and-black cattle have high productivity and butter-fat yielding capacity and stress resistance; fitness to machine milking, high adaptability, sound constitution.

The enterprises that apply such model will have high productive cattle, low cost of production of 1 centner of milk, and correspondingly high economic efficiency that adds them competitive advantage under current conditions of the Russian Federation accession into World Trade Organization.

Applying the given recommendations it is possible to obtain sufficient increase of economical efficiency at milk production.

Thus, the analysis of the condition of stock and marketable cattle breeding of the Orel region proves the necessity of active introduction of selection and genetic work. To increase profitability of milk production enterprise should have breeding status, milking herd of 401600 animals, untied management, application of 20% of culling considering correlations, usage of bulls-improvers.

Список литературы Influence of selection-organizational and genetic factors on efficiency of stock breeding in dairy cattle breeding of the Orel region

Polukhin А.А. Technico-economical estimation of methods of cattle keeping//Vestnik of Orel State Agrarian University. -2009. -№6 p. 56-59
Polukhin А.А. Management of technoco-technological modernization and selection process in dairy cattle breeding/Polukhin А.А. Shendakov А.I., Stavtsev А.N., Grankin N.N., Polukhina М.G., Klimova S.P.//Vestnik of Orel State Agrarian University. -2012. -№1(34) p. 76-93
Polukhina, М. G. Tendences and future development of cattle breeding in the Orel region /М. G. Polukhina, А. I. Shendakov,//Vestnik of Orel State Agrarian University. -2011. -№6 -p. 39-44.
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Polukhina М.G. Ways of improvement of dairy production of white-and-black cattle /М.G. Polukhina//Education, science and production -2013.-№2.-p. 38-42
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Polukhina М.G. Improvement of Simmental cattle by growth intensity and milk productivity in the Orel region /М.G. Polukhina, Т.I. Khanina//Biology in agriculture. -2013.-№1.-p. 25-28.

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