Insulin, brain, Alzheimer's disease: new evidence

The last four decades have been marked by a number of scientific discoveries. So, it became known that insulin, receptors for it are found in the structures of the brain. In addition, the role of this hormone in the activation of neuronal stem cells, growth, development of the neuronal network, synaptic transmission, cognitive functions and so on has become known. Signal dysfunction and insulin metabolism contribute to the development of a number of degenerative diseases of the brain. More and more evidence suggest a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, which share many common pathophysiological characteristics. This review of the literature is devoted to the analysis of clinical and experimental data linking insulin, insulin resistance with degenerative processes in the brain, and the evaluation of pharmacological strategies aimed at the correction of insulin signaling pathways in the central nervous system and cognitive functions. Artificial intelligence, brain-microbiota neural networks allow to control interaction of genetic and epigenetic programs of ageing and healthy longevity. The new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of ‘brain and microbiota’ is a long-term medical program of the patient, which allows the combined application of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and the main thing to carry out prevention of polypragmasia.