Issues on the usage of conjunction “but” in different literary texts

Some researchers refer the word “but” by their function to the conjunction of hybrid and transitional words. For instance, V.V. Vinogradov considers that the word “but” it is subsumed “simultaneously under the categories of conjunctions and adverbs” [4, p. 578], and B.I. Osipov refers that “ it is an intermediate category between an adverb and a particle” [7, p. 319]. Van Ligan mentions about it in his research on the word “but” comes to the conclusion that “it can take the position of a conjunction and a particle, while in a number of important formal aspects, and most importantly, in semantics, the conjunction and the particle are identical” [ 3, p. 319].

The conjunction “but” performs the function of an supporter of relations and a function of communication. One of the main functions of the conjunction is the position of the second means of communication. The conjunction “but” is represented in all explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. According to the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language S.I.Ojegov”.

“BUT” at the same time, however (with a value of compensation) Expensive, but a good thing. [11, p. 980]

In the Small Academic Dictionary, the conjunction “but” is interpreted as follows:

“BUT” is a conjunction: 1. Used for comparison; can be used instead of the words: however, but at the same time. Our shelter is small, but calm. Lermontov, Izmail-Bey. - Your mother, of course, has a good taste for me - she is so kind; --- but your aunt just hates me. Turgenev, Noble nest. The boat was not heated and froze through and through in winter. But in the summer it was heated so that at least light matches against the walls. Pervensev, Tierra del Fuego.

In combination with the conjunction “no”: Here Ryabinin is another matter: a damn talented person, but a terrible lazy person. Garshin, Artists. [Father], like all former military men, did not know how to dress fashionably and gracefully. L.Tolstoy, Childhood.

2. Used when explaining or to express the investigation; can be used instead of the words: that’s why, therefore. Everywhere she became famous as a modest and reasonable girl, but Ukraine and Russia, Pushkin, Poltava send her enviable fiancés. [Pryazhkina:] But my dear niece doesn't want to listen to me! But now he is crying. Turgenev, Bachelor. [Bessemenov:] As the deadline has come, so you carry the money ... [Elena:] I don't like being in debt ... [Bessemenov:] Nice business! But everyone will trust you. M. Gorky, Bourgeois. [5, p. 696]

There was a need for the use of an opposing conjunction “but” at the beginning of the XXI century, although the conjunction arose in the last third of the XVIII century. This is explained by the fact that in the Russian world outlook a special need arose for the use of self-justification and self-complacency in discourses. Moreover, as K.Ya.Sigal notes: “the human psyche, in need of a compensation mechanism, when pronouncing ... traumatic excitations, resorts to such an unassuming part of speech as a conjunction” [10, p. 170-171].

K.Ya.Sigal notes that “usually they find a modal-evaluative meaning in an adversarial conjunction, note the semantics of compensation (or compensation) and the ability to switch evaluations. However, according to lexicographic data, in the second half of the XX century. the conjunction, on the other hand, passed from polysemy [10, p. 990] to monosemy [11, p. 128], having lost the etymological meaning for him of an effect, a causal justification ”. The conjunction, but, changes the assessment from "-" to "+" and from "+" to

"-" as a conjunction but, or in one direction - positive. According to modern research, it is necessary to have a different understanding of the “changing”

function of the conjunction “but”. In order to establish the functions of positivity and negativity in a conjunction, however, you need to pay attention to the described events or individual parts, then, according to the value of a positive assessment of the word, it can be considered formed and constant ”[10, p. 179]. According to K.Ya.Sigal both tendencies - “towards mono semantic feature of the conjunction “but” and toward its specialization as an indicator of a positive assessment - arose because the conjunction “but” gradually stabilized as a meliorative axiological marker. As a result of this semantic process, the conjunction “but” became an increasingly popular stylistic means, allowing a writer or publicist to join the game with evaluative perspectives and make the narrative axiologically multilayered. Observations K.Ya.Sigal on the material of the novels of M.A.Sholokhov shows that “for an adversarial conjunction “but” polysemy and switching of evaluation in both directions are characteristic, and on the other hand, stylistically diverse use is precisely in the expression of evaluative semantics” [10, p. 212].

The conscious admission of violations of norms in the utterance shows the self-induced whipping up of negations using the reverse use of the meaning of the conjunction, but which the speaker shows the importance of syntactic meaning and thus has an emotional impact on the listener. Z.N. Bakalova notes that “V.Z.Sannikov calls them “pseudo-compensation”, N.P. Perfilyev –“false compensation”, Van Ligan calls models of the “bad-bad” type to oxymorons with a general assessment of rejection, denial. He believes that the conjunction “but” creates the effect of ridiculousness, which give rise to constructions of the occasional-oxymoric type with their specially actualized meanings of rejection, unnaturalness, ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc.” [1, p. 14]

Z.N. Bakalova considers that “the conjunction “but” is the result of the author's view of on the things. This conjunction functions with the conscious intention of the subject of speech to oppose two poles of evaluating events, negative and positive evaluations, and this is typical for the language (i.e., usual). While, opposing negative and positive meanings to each other, the conjunction is included in the system of opposing associations. The conjunction “but” is compared with the main adversary conjunctions and but little used, it refers to colloquial vocabulary and is saturated to a greater and lesser extent with expression. [1, p. 14]