Historical development and cutting-edge applications of enzymes: a review

The use of enzymes as natural catalysts is gaining a significant industrial traction because of their environmental compatibility and high efficiency compared to the conventional methods. This review outlines the trajectory of this field of research, from its beginnings to its current state, which is characterised by advances in enzyme fine-tuning and directed evolution. Scientific papers for this review have been selected using keywords related to cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes, bacterial and fungal strains, and the use of industrial waste as nutrient media for enzyme producers. Cutting-edge examples of enzyme applications in industry are demonstrated.