Transformation of petroleum product supply in the Kaliningrad region under contemporary conditions

The article examines the transformation of oil and petroleum product supply logistics in the Kaliningrad region under changing external economic conditions and transport–transit constraints. The analysis covers two stages in the development of the regional supply system: the period prior to 2022 and the period from 2022 to 2025. The study demonstrates that the emerging maritime-based logistics model has ensured a basic level of supply resilience, while remaining characterized by limited flexibility and increased vulnerability. The paper substantiates the need to develop alternative and long-term fuel supply mechanisms for the Kaliningrad region aimed at reducing transit risks and enhancing regional energy security.