Energy design theory: on the issue of the use of self-centering systems

This article describes the theoretical principles of the energy method and its application in a self-centering system that are part of buildings. This method consists of a series of theorems and procedures developed in the 19th century, based on the concept of elastic deformation energy and on the principle of conservation of energy. The application of this methodology makes it possible to reduce the damage to buildings from seismic loads. Self-centering systems demonstrate excellent earthquake performance with less damage and residual deformations. Although the procedure of equivalent static strength calculation is generally accepted for most structural systems used in seismic conditions, cumulative damage and the effective duration of earthquakes cannot be explicitly taken into account, which significantly affects the behavior and characteristics of self-centering systems after an earthquake. In recent decades, more and more attention has been paid worldwide to the theory of energy-based design (TPE), in which energy demand is considered as a critical parameter for establishing a connection with structural damage. TPE can provide comprehensive consideration of reactions and structural damage in design procedures, especially for self-centering systems. However, only a few studies and real-world energy design projects are devoted to the use of TPE for self-centering systems. This article is intended to provide a thorough overview of several important issues related to TPE. Meanwhile, the article identifies and discusses the main gaps that need further study for the application of TPE to self-centering systems.