Energy factors of occurrence windows and clearings in the forest

In the forests near Perm, 184-year-old stands of common pine of class I Bonita were studied with a fullness of 0.93 and a reserve of 620 m3/ha. On an area of 2.2 hectares, live and dead trees over 60 years were mapped to the plan with an accuracy of ±10-35 cm. Then, using phyto-and bioindication (biolocation), more than 1200 pieces were chart small geoactive zones (hereinafter referred to as zones) with geo-linking to the centers of the bases of the trunks of nearby trees. They were classified into 7 types: pathogenic (Hartman and Kurri networks), favorable in size 1.0 and 3.0 m, and neutral in size 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 m. The interaction of trees was divided into six levels, for which 5 map layers were formed. The Windows included places with a distance between trees of 8.76 m or more, where the interaction of trees decreased to 0.16 from the average level. It was found that Windows occupy 41% of the area and the reasons for their formation in 100% of cases were four factors. The first is the absence of favorable zones of 1.0 and 3.0 m in size: 94% of cases of window formation where there were no such zones. The second is the effect of pathogenic zones and depression zones of other zones: 39% of cases; they inhibited the growth of trees and led to their fall, but the proportion of their area in the windows was the same as in the whole stand. The third is the settlement of undergrowth on favorable zones, which may have prevented pine trees from settling on them in the past: 6% of cases. The fourth is the decline due to competition, and the trees were in neutral places without the energy from favorable zones that their neighbors received: 3% of the cases of Windows. That is, the “competitive struggle” was not equal, and a small or large area of nutrition in trees did not play a role in this struggle.