Stages of modification of Turkey’s foreign policy efforts towards Central Asian states in 1991–2022

The article presents the author’s approach to the periodization of modifying Turkey’s foreign policy efforts towards the Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in 1991-2022. The analysis of the cited studies allows us to present in this paper the stages of modifying Turkey’s foreign policy efforts in relation to the Central Asian states in 1991-2022 as follows: first stage - 1991-2002, including 2 sub-stages - from 1991 to 1996 and from 1996 to 2002; second phase - 2002-2009, comprising 2 sub-stages - from 2002 to 2005 and from 2005 to 2009; third stage - from 2009 to 2022, encompassing 2 sub-phases - from 2009 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2022. Each stage has its own peculiarities and reasons of formation, which act as justification for their identification. The results obtained help to understand the basis for modifying Turkey’s foreign policy efforts towards the Central Asian states, to build relations with the Central Asian states, Turkey and other actors more effectively as well as their adjustment and adaptation to new challenges in international relations.