Stages of the development of the fuel and energy sector: from the collapse of the USSR to large-scale sanctions

The article highlights four main stages in the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Each of these stages differs in the degree of participation of the state and business, the level of international cooperation in the development of Russian energy. The authors show a change of approaches in fuel and energy management from the excessive liberalism of the 1990s to increased centralization of fuel and energy management, an increase in the share of state presence in oil companies and Gazprom. Sanctions introduce new fundamental changes in the development of energy, significantly change the goals and objectives of the Russian fuel and energy sector, and the mechanisms for their implementation. The paper considers new threats and challenges to the effective development of the country based on the export-raw material management model in the context of a new geopolitical situation and large-scale sanctions.