A.V. Polyakov’s communicative theory of law: analysis of the main provisions and reasoned criticism

Introduction. In science, everything must be questioned, and therefore the fact of critical perception of thought does not initially mean its rejection. In this sense, scientifically based, constructive criticism is not only possible, but also necessary, since it contributes to the development of scientific thought. To date, there are four main types of understanding of law: legal positivism or normativism (law is interpreted as a set of norms established or sanctioned by the state); sociological positivism (the existence of "book law" and "living law", which is formulated in the decisions of judicial and administrative bodies and has absolute priority over "book law"); theories of natural law (law is derived from the mind or nature of society and man, and innate and inalienable rights are attributed to man, existing independently of the state and preceding it); philosophical understanding of law (law is reduced to freedom, which is understood as reasonable social behavior). Legal and sociological positivism are more realistic, as they give the law a very real content (norms and relations). The theories of natural law and the philosophical understanding of law are purely theoretical in nature, i.e. they do not describe real law, but rather ideal law. All these approaches are considered classical due to the presence of a basic principle in each of them: the norm of behavior established by the supreme authority; real relations entailing legal consequences; inalienable rights of the individual; an abstract formula of freedom. However, progress is necessary and permanent, which leads to theoretical understanding and attempts to substantiate the so-called "new theories of law". Among them, the communicative theory of law by Andrei Vasilyevich Polyakov, Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, is of particular interest.