Bone remains from burial grounds of Perm Vychegodskaya (XI-XIV): results of multidisciplinary research and environmental historical reconstructions

Using a wide range of modern mineralogical and physicochemical methods, a representative collection of human bones from seven burial grounds of the Vychegda Permians of the 11th-14th centuries was studied. The micro-structure of bones, their chemical and normative-mineral composition, the content of microelements, the nanoporosity of the organo-mineral composite, the composition and properties of bioanatite and bone collagen were analyzed. Fundamental differences in the properties of raw and so-called calcified bones are determined. Based on isotope data on bioapatite and collagen of raw bones, the climatic conditions for the existence of the Vychegda Permians and their diets were reconstructed.