Language or linguistics as a science of language

• ❖    with history, since the history of the language is part of the history of the people. These histories provide a concrete historical consideration of the changes in the language, the data of linguistics are one of the sources in the study of such historical problems as the origin of the people, the development of the culture of the people and their society at different stages of history, contacts between peoples.

• ❖    Linguistics with archeology, which studies history from material sources -tools, weapons, jewelry, utensils, etc., and ethnography - the science of the life and culture of peoples.

• ❖    Linguistics comes into close contact with ethnography when studying the dialect vocabulary - the names of peasant buildings, utensils and clothes, objects and tools of agriculture, crafts.

• ❖    The connection between linguistics and ethnography is also manifested in the classification of languages and peoples, in the study of the reflection of national self-awareness in the language. This line of research is called ethno linguistics. Language in this case is considered as an expression of the people's ideas about the world.

• ❖    Linguistics is closely related to literary criticism. The union of linguistics and literary criticism gave birth to philology.

• ❖ Linguistics is also associated with psychology. The psychological direction in linguistics studies mental and other psychological processes and their reflection in speech, in the categories of language. Psycholinguistics emerged in the middle of the 20th century.

On the relationship of linguistics with the natural sciences.

Of the natural sciences, linguistics is most closely related to physiology. Pavlov's theory of the first and second signal systems is especially important for linguistics. Impressions, sensations, and representations from the environment as a general natural environment are "the first signaling system of reality, which we have in common with animals." The second signaling system is associated with abstract thinking, the formation of general concepts. "The word made up the second, especially ours, signaling system of reality, being the signal of the first signals."

Linguistics is also associated with such a natural science as anthropology. Anthropology is the science of the origin of man and human races, of the variability of the human structure in time and space.

The interests of linguists and anthropologists coincide in two cases: first, when classifying races, and secondly, when studying the question of the origin of speech.

On the connection between linguistics and philosophy. Philosophy arms language, as well as other sciences; methodology contributes to the development of principles and methods of analysis.

Aspects of language - Linguistics is a multidimensional science, since language is a very diverse and complex phenomenon. Linguistics as a science is divided into general and particular. Within the framework of general linguistics, typological linguistics is distinguished, the task of which is to compare unrelated languages. Private linguistics is the science of individual languages, for example, The Uzbeks studies is the science of the Uzbek language, English studies is the science of the English language, etc.

Synchronous and Diahronous aspects of private language. Private linguistics can be studied in a synchronic and diachronic sense. The synchronous research plan involves the study of the facts of the language, referring to the same time. The diachronic plan of study involves the study of the facts of the language in their development.

Circle of tasks solved by language - In conclusion, we would like to outline the range of tasks that linguistics should solve:

^ Establish the nature and essence of the language.

^ Consider the structure of the language.

^ To understand language as a system, that is, language is not isolated facts, not a set of words; it is an integral system, all of whose members are inter-connected and interdependent.

^ Study the issues of language development in connection with the development of society; How and when did both come about;

^ To study the issue of the origin and development of writing;

^ Classify languages, that is, combine them according to the principle of their similarity; how closely related languages German and English stand out; Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

^ Develop research methods. You can name such methods as comparative-historical, descriptive, comparative, and quantitative. The latter method is based on mathematical statistics.

^ Linguistics strives to be closer to life, hence its applied nature.

^ Study of issues related to language interference. Linguistic interference is understood as the penetration of knowledge of the native language or one of the studied foreign languages into the knowledge obtained in the study of a new foreign language.

^ Consider the connection between linguistics and other sciences (history, psychology, logic, literary criticism, mathematics).

Naturalistic (biological) approach to language. The development of a naturalistic approach to language is associated with the name of the outstanding German researcher August Schleicher (1821-1868). The most distinctly naturalistic philosophy of Schleicher's language is set forth in such works as "Darwin's theory and the science of language" 1863, "The meaning of language for the natural history of man" 1865. According to the basic position of the naturalistic direction, linguistics adjoins the naturalistic sciences. The difference between the natural and historical sciences is whether the will of people can or cannot influence the object of science: in the natural sciences, laws that do not depend on the will of people dominate; in the historical sciences, it is impossible to avoid subjectivity. In his work "Darwin's theory and the science of language», Sh. Directly indicated that "the laws established by Darwin for plant and animal species are applicable, at least in their main features, to the organisms of languages." The influence of Darwin's theory is most clearly manifested in Schleicher's transfer of the position of the struggle for existence in the plant and animal world to language. III is convinced that in the present period of human life, the winners in the struggle for existence are mainly the languages of the Indo-Germanic tribe. Sh. Transfers into languages the law of variability of species established by Darwin. In his opinion, those languages that, according to botanists and zoologists, would be species of the same genus, in linguistics are recognized as children of one common basic language, from which they originated through a gradual change. Schleicher also sees the proximity of language to natural organisms in the ability of language to evolve. In this regard, Schleicher declares: "The life of the language does not differ significantly from the life of all other living organisms -plants and animals." Like these latter, it has a period of growth from the simplest structures to more complex forms and a period of aging, in which languages are increasingly moving away from the reached highest stage of development and their forms are damaged. For all its shortcomings, the naturalistic direction in linguistics should be regarded as a stage in the progressive movement of the science of language. The desire of representatives of this direction, in particular Schleicher, to apply the exact methods of the natural sciences to the study of language should be considered valuable.

Erroneous in Schleicher's concept. and his followers were too straightforward transfer to the language of laws inherent in biological organisms, which really grow, develop, and then grow decrepit and die. Languages, of course, also arise, develop and sometimes die. But this death is not biological, but socio-historical in nature. A language dies only with the disappearance of a society speaking it, a collective of people.

However, despite the erroneous nature of the naturalistic concept in linguistics, one should always take into account the fact that the comparison of language with a living organism contributed to the establishment of a systemic view of language as an object with its own structure.

Mental approach to language. Another well-known point of view on the nature and essence of language is that language is a mental phenomenon. One of the most prominent representatives who represented a psychological point of view on language was Gaiman Steinthal (1823-1899). The most clear and consistent psychological concept of Steinthal is presented in his work "Grammar, Logic and Psychology, Their Principles and Relationships". Steinthal considered language to be a mental phenomenon, which develops on the basis of the laws of psychology. He denied the role of thinking in the formation of language, attaching importance to the psyche. Schleicher's logic, completely ruled out, arguing that "the categories of language and logic are not compatible just as little can be correlated with each other as the concept of a circle and red." Thus, Steinthal categorically denied the participation of thinking in the development of language. Steinthal focused all his attention on the individual act of speech, considering language as a phenomenon of a mental order.

Language is a social phenomenon. Finally, there is a point of view that language is a social phenomenon. The language of an individual is dependent on the environment and is influenced by the speech of the collective. If small children find themselves in the living conditions of animals, then they acquire the skills of animal life and irrevocably lose everything human. The Dane Helmsley in his book "Prolegomena to the theory of language" gives an exhaustive description of language as a phenomenon: "The language of human speech is an inexhaustible supply of various treasures. Language is inseparable from a person and follows him in all his actions. Language is a tool through which a person forms thought and feelings, moods, desires, will and activity. Language is a tool through which a person influences people and others influence him. Language is the primary and most essential foundation of human society. However, he is also the ultimate necessary support of the human personality, the refuge of a person in the hours of loneliness, when the mind enters into a struggle with life and the conflict is generated by the monologue of a poet or thinker.

However, language is not an external phenomenon that only accompanies a person. It is deeply associated with the human mind. It is a wealth of memory inherited by an individual and a tribe. Language has so deeply taken root in the individual, family, nation, humanity and life itself that sometimes we cannot refrain from asking if language is not just a reflection of phenomena, but their embodiment, the seed from which they grew. For these reasons, the language has always attracted the attention of a person, they were surprised at him, he was described in poetry and science. Science began to view language as a sequence of sounds and expressive gestures available for accurate physical and physiological description. Language is viewed as a sign system and as a stable formation used as a key to the system of human thought.

Language as a symbol system. Language is viewed as a system of signs. Sign - can be defined as a kind of material unit that creates language as a phenomenon. With regard to language, the term sign can be defined by the following points:

The sign must be material, that is, it must be accessible to sensory perception, like any thing.

The sign does not matter, but is aimed at meaning, for this it exists.

The content of a sign does not coincide with its material characteristics, while the content of a thing is limited to its material characteristics.

The content of the mark is determined by its distinctive features, analytically distinguished and separated from the nondiscrimination ones.

Language functions according to Buhler. Austrian psychologist, philosopher and linguist Karl Buhler, describing in his book "Theory of Language" various directions of language signs, defines three main functions of language: Functions of language according to Buhler:

• ❖    function of expression, or expressive function, when the state of the speaker is expressed.

• ❖    The function of calling, addressing the listener, or appellative function.

• ❖    The function of presentation, or representative, when one says or tells something to another.

Functions of language by Reformatskiy. There are also other points of view on the functions performed by language, for example, as A.A. Reformatsky understood them:

• ❖    Nominative, that is, the words of the language can call things and phenomena of reality.

• ❖    Communicative; Suggestions serve this purpose.

• ❖    Expressive, thanks to her the emotional state of the speaker is expressed.

Within the framework of the expressive function, one can also single out the deictic (pointing) function, which combines some elements of the language with gestures. Theory of the emotional origin of the language and the theory of interjection.

Its most important representative was J-J Rousseau (1712-1778). In his treatise on the origin of languages, Rousseau wrote that "the first sounds of the voice caused the passions." According to Rousseau, "the first languages were melodious and passionate, and only later did they become simple and methodical." According to Rousseau, it turned out that the first languages were much richer than the subsequent ones. But civilization has spoiled man. That is why the language, and according to Rousseau's thought, has deteriorated from being richer, more emotional, and direct, to become dry, rational and methodical. Rousseau's emotional theory received a kind of development in the 19th and 20th centuries and became known as the theory of interjections. One of the defenders of this theory, the Russian linguist Kudryavsky (1863-1920) believed that interjections were a kind of first words of a person. Interjections were the most emotional words in which primitive man put different meanings depending on a particular situation. According to Kudryavsky, in interjections, sound and meaning were still inextricably linked. Subsequently, as the interjections turned into words, the sound and meanings diverged, and this transition of interjections into words was associated with the emergence of articulate speech.