Person, mood and sentence as mutually correlated language categories

The article covers the problem of intercategorical relations in languages of different systems based on the material of three fundamental grammatical categories - person, mood and syntactic type of sentence. It is established that these categories are genetically and functionally closely related to each other and this connection is one-way directed according to the person - mood - type of sentence scheme. The author provides arguments to demonstrate the role of the category of person in the formation and use of moods and the role of the categories of person and mood in the formation and use of the typology of sentences in different languages in accordance with their historically established systemic differences. The text-forming possibilities of personal forms of the first and third persons are revealed, which constitute a narrative discourse in contrast to the second person denoting the addressee of speech and the executor of someone else’s will. Based on a comparative functional analysis of the forms of the three analyzed categories, significant differences between inflectional Indo-European languages (exemplified by Russian) and agglutinative North Caucasian languages (exemplified by Dagestani) in subsystems of personal forms of the third person and unreal moods are demonstrated, including the example of a volitive unknown to Indo-European languages. The results obtained can be used in Indo-European studies, Russian studies, Caucasian studies and contrastive typology of languages. In the context of the directions of historical syntax development, the little-studied problem of the degree of lexical and lexico-grammatical determinacy of sentence types in analytical and synthetic languages is posed. A motivated thesis is formulated about the relationship between the types of moods and the corresponding types of sentences and ethnopsychology or ethnomentality.