Linguistic analyses of homonyms in two contacting English and Uzbek languages

The term “ homonym ” is derived from Greek “ homonymous ” ( homos – “ the same ” and onoma “ name ”). Both, English and Uzbek homonyms are words which similar in sound and spelling but different in meanings.

For example: In English: ring ( noun ) a circlet, usually precious metal worn on fingers - ring (noun) a circle band for holding, connecting, packing or sealing << a key ring>>, << a towel ring >>, etc.

letter ( noun ) a symbol usually written or printed, representing a speech sound and constituting a unit of an alphabet - letter (noun) a direct, personal written or printed message addressed to a person or organization.

In Uzbek: bog` ( o`rin joy oti ) - maydon, bog` ( narsa oti ) – bog`ich.

Both, English and Uzbek homonyms are words one or two parts of speech. Not only words but other linguistic units may be homonymous. Homonyms exist in two parts of speech, there may be seen if we compare the two languages. E.g.: In Uzbek: olma ( ot ) – meva nomi, olma ( fe`l ) – buyruq fe`lining bo`lishsizlik shakli. In English: watch ( verb ) look at observe attentively smth ( object ), watch ( noun) – a small timepiece worn typically on a strap on one`s wrist.

According to their meanings English homonyms are divided into:

-lexical and Lexico grammatical: Lexical - differ in lexical meaning. Seal- grammatical meanings of all its forms are identical. The difference is lexical, only. Seal- a sea animal, `a design printed on paper by means of a stamp` -lexico-grammatical. Lexico-grammatical homonyms generally imply homonyms in questions to differentiate parts of speech, meaning is a blend of the lexical and grammatical semantic components. Lexico grammatical homonym is observed within the same part of speech. E.g.: In the verbs (to) find and found , where the homonymic word-forms: found-Past Tense of (to) find , and – found - Past Tense of (to) find , differ both, grammatically and lexically.

-grammatical. In the paradigm of nouns we can find homonyms forms of the Possesive Case Singular and the Common Case Plural, E.g.: sister`s - sisters. In Uzbek homonyms are divided into:

• 1.    Lexical homonyms. They are words which equal in lexical forms.

• 2.    Grammatical homonyms. They are words which equal in grammatical forms with each other.

E.g.: tom ( narsa oti ) - uy tomi, tom ( narsa oti ) - kitob tomi .

E.g.: -siz I-II shaxs ko`pligining tuslovchisi, –siz sifat yasovchi.

Also, Uzbek lexical homonyms consist of two types: Lexical and Grammatical forms.

• 1.    Lexical homonyms are words of the unit of each lexical form.

• 2.    Phraseological homonyms which are equal in forms.

Such as: qovoq ( ot ) ko`zning qovog`i, qovoq ( ot ) - o`simlik nomi.

Suzmoq ( fe`l ) - ( suvda suzmoq ), suzmoq - ( oshni suzmoq – ovqatni suzmoq ), suzmoq - ( shoxi bilan urmoq ).

E.g.: dam bermoq - <>.

dam bermoq - << istiroxat qilishga imkon bermoq >>.

E.g.: In Uzbek - Keyin pista ko`mir solib, maxsi kiydirib dam berdi .

Uy yumushlarimdan charchagan kezlarimda chaqaloqni birpasgina ovutib, menga dam berarmikan ?

• 1)    full homonyms,

• 2)    partial homonyms.

Full homonyms:

Full lexical homonyms are words, which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm.

Match ( noun ) – a game, a contest.

Match ( noun ) – a short piece of wood used for producing fire.

Partial homonyms:

Partial homonym is usually to be found in word-forms of different parts of speech.

Partial homonyms are divided into three groups:

• A.    Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words, which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have only one identical form, but it is not the same form. Examples:

(to) find (verb), found (verb) (past indef. past part. of to find),

(to) lay (verb), lay (verb) (past indef. of to lie).

• B.    Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have identical forms in their paradigms.

Rose (noun),

Rose (verb) (past indef. of to rise),

Maid (noun),

Made (verb) (past indef, past part. of to make).

• C.    Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms.

to lie (lay, lain) (verb), to lie (lied, lied) (verb), to hang (hung, hung) (verb).

to hang (hanged, hanged).

Both, English and Uzbek homonyms are words belonging to one or two parts of speech. Uzbek homonyms are actively applied to make << iyxom >>, << ishtiqoq >>  stylistic devices , especially, << sof turkcha janr, tajnis >>. Uzbek famous poet “Xorazmiy” wrote:

Buyung sarvu sanubartek, beling- qil ,

Vafo qilgan kishilarga vafo qil.

In the following couplet “ qil ” has two meanings- ( qilga- o`xshash ingichka; qilmoq- fe`lining o`zagi ). Poets advantage of homonyms to improve effectively meanings of poems.

Homonyms are for pun and jokes in both, English and Uzbek languages. The pun is a joke based upon the play upon words of similar form but different in meanings as in the following:

A Scotchman was going on an excursion to New York. He handed the agent a ten-dollar bill as the agent call “ Change at Jersey City”. “no jokes now - I want my change right away!” said the frightened Scotchman.

O`qituvchi. 1985.

Toshkent. O`qituvchi. 1975.

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