Metonymic transfer in stable terminological periphrasis

In the linguistic literature, there are many approaches to the concept of "equivalence". The modern theory of the functional-meaningful equivalence of translation is based on the equivalence of the source and the translated text in the communicative-functional and semantic-structural relationship. Its important achievement is the distinction between the adequacy and equivalence of translation, where equivalence is interpreted as equality, the identity of the compared objects in some respect.

Translation of idiomatic expressions requires correspondence not only in form, but also in figurative basis, expressive saturation and stylistic coloring. Most scientists build their classifications of phraseological units' interlanguage correspondences on the basis of their semantic characteristics, such as connotative features and a figurative basis. In this work, we distinguish such TCC groups as: 1) TCC, which have correspondences in the form of rethought phrases (with further subdivision into full and partial equivalents, analogs); 2) TSS, which have correspondences in the form of phrases that do not contain figurative rethinking in the semantic structure; TSS, translated into TL using 3) lexical units 4) descriptive translation 5) combined translation.

Descriptive translation is widely used by terminographers to translate nonequivalent English TSS (when translating Russian TSS into English, this type of translation is not used). Non-equivalence can be based on both extralinguistic (the absence of corresponding concepts, phenomena, categories, etc. in the legal practice of the PL country) and linguistic factors (due to typological differences between the two languages, the lack of adequate linguistic means in the PL that allows translation to be performed using phrases). Dictionary definitions successfully perform the function of conveying the essence of the term being terminated, however, they do not reflect the connotative component of the meaning of the English phrase.

Combined translation allows you to fully and adequately convey the meaning of the English term. In English-Russian legal terminography, combined translation can be of two types: 1) literal translation / tracing, accompanied by a descriptive definition, 2) a terminological phrase, accompanied by an additional commentary from the translator. In the Russian-English legal dictionaries intended for Russian-speaking users, comments are given on the FL, which is not a combined translation. In our opinion, the wider use of combined translation could be of significant benefit in teaching English for special purposes, since this type of translation not only contributes to the most complete understanding of TE, but also serves as a source of background knowledge.

The analysis showed that the sources of the selected TSS are several main donor areas: the world of man and human activity, the objects and nature surrounding man, evaluative definitions and spatial-temporal orientation. It is quite obvious that the formation of rethought phrases in terminology is anthropocentric in nature and is explained by the desire to use words denoting objects and phenomena from everyday life in the nomination.

The need for translation is a consequence of the penetration of new realities into the sphere of activity of specialists from the country of the PY. In our opinion, we can talk about the process of "borrowing" at the conceptual and semantic level. The legal terminologies of the two languages that exist in countries with different socio-political systems initially have a low measure of “linguistic equivalence”. The legal terminology of the Russian language acts as a "recipient" at the conceptual level, borrowing legal concepts and categories.

In the terminological phrases of the legal terminology of the English and Russian languages, the transformation of meaning is the result of both metonymization and metaphorization and leads to the formation of various types of phraseological meaning (idiomatic, idiophraseomatic, phraseomatic). In the legal terminology of the Russian language, stable phrases of a non-idiomatic nature prevail, single idioms belong to general literary phraseology, included by terminographers in the legal dictionary. Among phrases from the area we are analyzing, phrases with a negative connotative assessment prevail in both compared languages, which is quite consistent with the nature of the terminological system. In the structure of the meaning of some phrases, there is a functional and stylistic component, which is reflected in the dictionary. In general, this aspect of the meaning of TCC is not sufficiently reflected in terminographic sources (some dictionaries do not contain any labels). The law traditionally occupies a more important place in the life of the English-speaking countries in comparison with Russia. Many phrases from this area have become an integral part of the general literary language and are part of the necessary background knowledge, without which it is impossible to achieve linguacultural competence. Their adequate interpretation in dictionaries is indisputably important not only for lawyers, but also for specialists in the field of special translation. The study of metonymy and metaphor continues to retain its relevance for the further development of various areas of linguistics, while taking into account both the traditional view of semantic changes and the achievements of cognitive linguistics. Being based on the contiguity of objects and phenomena, and not on their similarity, metonymic transfer differs from metaphorical transfer by a greater degree of regularity and typification, a direct connection of objects and phenomena in space and time. Comparative phraseology and comparative terminology are extremely important areas of linguistic research, which is due to a qualitative change in the nature of international relations between Russia and English-speaking countries, the growth of intercultural contacts. A high-quality translation is impossible without an adequate transfer of the meaning of phraseological units to PYa. Achieving such adequacy is the main task of bilingual phraseography.

Terminological phrases from the field of law, containing semantic transfer, are of interest for phraseological research, since many of them are characterized by such a quality of phraseological units as stability (coherence of the semantic structure). However, not all such phrases are part of the general literary language.

Legal phrases are an important source of linguistic and cultural information. In the content structure of a number of TSS, the national-cultural specificity of the designated concepts and phenomena finds expression; when understanding the mechanism of the emergence of these phrases, individual elements of meaning can be perceived by non-native speakers as national-cultural semes (NCC). In the terminological phrases of the legal terminology of the English language, the national cultural specificity is reflected to a greater extent than in the phrases of the corresponding terminology system of the Russian language.

The figurative rethinking in terminology of the prototypes of terminological phrases in both compared languages is the result of both metonymic and metaphorical transfer. Semantic transfer contributes to the achievement of compactness of terminological units, while the English TSS are generally more compact than the Russian TSS. In TSS, the following types of phraseological meaning can be distinguished: idiomatic, idiophraseomatic, phraseomatic.

The analysis carried out proves the anthropocentric nature of figurative rethinking in the formation of English and Russian legal terms. The formation of the TSS analyzed in the work is largely due to extralinguistic factors. Legal terminologies serving different in nature and structure of legal systems have a low degree of linguistic equivalence.

The number of English TCCs that have equivalents and analogs in Russian is small. Most of the English phrases are non-equivalent and have Russian correspondences in the form of free phrases or are translated into

Russian using lexical, descriptive and combined translation. Among the Russian TCCs, the share of non-equivalent word combinations is much less, which is explained by such factors as the borrowing by the Russian language of a significant number of special concepts and categories, a wide range of figurative means of the English language, and the specifics of Russian-English legal dictionaries. Combined translation allows you to most fully and adequately convey the meaning of the English phrase in the TL, to convey to the recipient not only the main (denotative-significative component of the meaning), but also additional (connotative component) information about the terminated object.