International Specialization and Its Role in Formation of Competitive Advantages of National Economies

The article examines the role of international specialization in shaping competitive advantages of national economies. The author analyzes key theoretical approaches, including D. Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage and modern concepts of global value chains (GVC), revealing the mechanisms of integration of countries into the global division of labor. Particular attention is paid to factors that enhance the positive effect of specialization: productivity growth due to the scale effect, stimulation of export-oriented industries and acceleration of innovation processes. However, risks are also highlighted, such as raw material dependence, vulnerability to external shocks and technological backwardness when concentrating on low-tech segments. Using the examples of South Korea (technology sector), Mexico (automotive manufacturing) and China (electronics manufacturing), the author demonstrates how specialization contributes to economic growth, but requires supplementation with diversification strategies to ensure sustainability. In conclusion, the need for a flexible policy that combines deepening specialization with the development of related industries and investment in R & D is substantiated.