Микробные белки - элиситоры устойчивости растений к фитопатогенам и их потенциал для экологически ориентированной защиты сельскохозяйственных культур

Микробные белки - элиситоры устойчивости растений к фитопатогенам и их потенциал для экологически ориентированной защиты сельскохозяйственных культур

Автор: Щербакова Л.А., Джавахия В.Г., Duan Y., Zhang J.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Обзоры, проблемы

Статья в выпуске: 5 т.58, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Для борьбы с болезнями растений современное сельское хозяйство располагает значительным арсеналом пестицидов-ксенобиотиков, токсичных для микроорганизмов. Однако опасное воздействие таких пестицидов или продуктов их разложения на окружающую среду и здоровье человека требует поиска новых, безвредных и экологически безопасных средств борьбы с болезнями. В связи с этим внимание исследователей привлекает феномен естественной устойчивости растений, в том числе их активный иммунитет и те природные вещества, которые могут индуцировать его механизмы (J.D. Jones с соавт., 2006; M. Albert, 2013; L. Wiesel с соавт., 2014; E.J. Andersen с соавт., 2018; D.F. Klessig с соавт., 2018). Источниками таких веществ, в том числе белков и пептидов, могут служить фитопатогенные и непатогенные микроорганизмы. При их взаимодействии с растениями микробные белки играют роль элиситоров неспецифической устойчивости, распознаваемых как консервативные микробные паттерны (МАМРs или PAMPs), которые индуцируют первую линию активной обороны растений (базовую устойчивость, или PTI) (C. Zipfel, 2009; M.A. Newman, 2013; J. Guo с соавт., 2022). Другие микробные белки - эффекторы, участвующие в развитии болезни, в случае узнавания их растениями-хозяевами также могут активировать защитные ответы как элиситоры расоспецифической устойчивости (B.P. Thomma с соавт., 2011; W. Zhang с соавт., 2022; B.C. Remick с соавт., 2023). Восприятие микробных белковых элиситоров растительными рецепторами вызывает быстрые ответные реакции и может приводить к развитию длительной системной устойчивости растений (T. Boller, G. Felix, 2009; J. B. Joshi с соавт., 2022; S. Wang с соавт., 2023). Изучение свойств и механизмов действия микробных белков представляет собой кластер исследований, результаты которых становятся базой для развития одного из наиболее экологичных направлений в защите растений, способного привести к разработке новых эффективных средств биоконтроля для устойчивого сельского хозяйства. За несколько последних десятилетий у непатогенных и фитопатогенных грибов, оомицетов, бактерий и вирусов, в том числе поражающих сельскохозяйственные культуры, идентифицирован ряд белков-элиситоров, которые относятся к MAMP/PAMP-типу, а также эффекторов, индуцирующих специфический иммунитет (ETI). В представленном обзоре суммирована и проанализирована информация о наиболее важных достижениях в области идентификации и исследования элиситорных белков, которые продуцируют различные бактерии, грибы, оомицеты и вирусы. В тех случаях, когда это известно, кратко описаны особенности структуры элиситоров и механизмы их действия, а именно те защитные ответы растений, которые индуцируются соответствующими элиситорами (D. Qutob с соавт., 2003; M. Tarallo с соавт., 2022; Q. Xu с соавт., 2022). Показано многообразие видов микроорганизмов, которые способны продуцировать элиситорные белки, запускающие механизмы как специфической, так и неспецифической устойчивости. Как примеры элиситоров наиболее подробно рассмотрены флагеллин, харпины, фактор элонгации Tu, белки холодового шока, эффекторы Cladosporium fulvum , элиситоры фитопатогенных и непатогенных фузариевых грибов из других микромицетов, а также недавно открытые МАМРs/PAMPs и ETI-индуцирующие белки. В обзор включена информация об элиситорах оомицетов, микробных ферментах, обладающих свойствами элиситоров, гликопротеинах и пептидогликанах, а также эффекторных белках фитовирусов (Y. Jin с соавт., 2021; L. Cai с соавт., 2023). Кроме того, в отдельном разделе на примере коммерческих препаратов, созданных на основе бактериальных и грибных белковых элиситоров, в том числе в России и Китае, которые доказали свою защитную эффективность в полевых условиях, показана перспективность практического применения микробных элиситорных белков (V.G. Dzhavakhiya с соавт., 2003; W.P. Liu с соавт., 2007; J. Mao с соавт., 2010; Q. Dewen с соавт., 2017).

Еще

Биогенные элиситоры, микробные белки и пептиды, микробные паттерны, эффекторы, рti, защитные ответы растений, экологически безопасные средства биоконтроля

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142239852

IDR: 142239852   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.5.789rus

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