Model concept modeling in linguistics types of linguistic models

В статье рассматривается взаимодействие языковой системы, ее моделирование через языковую личность, имеющую трехуровневую структуру, которая определяет язык моделирования и формирует языковую картину мира. Ключевые слова: когнитивная наука, моделирование, мировоззрение, прагматика, структура, уровень, языковая личность, лингвистическая семантика.

Modeling - elucidation of the properties of an object by building its model. Model properties: convention image m. not only material, but also mental, and move through the means of the sign system model not only the image, but also the prototype of the original the model is most often holomorphic, i.e. many elements of the original correspond to fewer elements in the model

A linguistic model is a real or mental device artificially created by a linguist that reproduces or imitates its behavior and the behavior of the original for linguistic purposes. Linguistic modeling involves the use of abstraction and idealization. Any model is built on the basis of a hypothesis about the possible structure of the original and is a functional analogue of the originals. Ideally, the model should be formal. Model construction is an objective practical criterion for verifying the truth of knowledge in a language.

speech activity;speech works (where models are built); language mechanism; structural models - for studying and describing the internal structure of an object.; functional models - study the behavior of an object during a certain process.; dynamic models - in temporary development, are created as needed.

Types of linguistic models:

• 1 .On the scope of the structure of the language: General (global) tend to cover the entire language: (vocabulary, grammar)

• 2 .by typological status:

Private: phonetic model of the Russian language, model of the vowel system

• -    universal seek to cover all languages of the world:

• -    specific are characteristic for a certain language or a group of languages: softness -hardness of consonants rus. language (does not work in English, French)

• 3 . by gnoseological status:

• 4 . on the reflected aspect of language and speech activity:

Language models: models of linguistic knowledge, various phonetic schools; linguist activity models

Models differ not only in their focus on a specific object, but also in the modeling tools used (algorithm or calculus) Algorithm-strict sequence of prescriptive rules. Calculus - a set of permissive rules (the order of execution is not important) Analyzing models model the process of understanding, use a logical tool, an algorithm

• -    synthesizing models model the process of verbalization, the meaning of a speech segment

• -    generating models author Chomsky object of modeling - a set of correct speech segments are drawn up rules for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable; logical means - calculus

• -    do not serve as an expression of meaning; at the output - chains of elements (gram. correct sentences)

• -    Structural models proper, the basis of all the other objects of modeling is the structure of the language as such; logical apparatus - the logic of relations and classes. Basic theoretical requirements for the model: 1.completeness of the model - the ability to reflect all the facts for which it is designed, for the coverage of which it claims

• 2 . simplicity - convenience, using as few means (symbols, rules) as possible to achieve the set scientific goal

• 3 .explanatory power - the ability of the model to reveal the reasons for the observed facts and predict new facts (for example, models of the historical change of a word; machine translation systems are to a very small extent explanatory)

• 4 . adequacy - the property of maximum similarity to the modeled object can be reduced to explanatory power or set-theoretic correspondence

• 5 .economic - economical use of energy and time resources when applying the model 6.accuracy - the ability to perform operations by the formal apparatus represented by the model

• 7 .aesthetic properties - beauty of the model

Applied criteria: the main thing is the convenience of the model. For language modeling, logical means of implementing the model (computer implementation of the model) are very important. Language modeling is central to many important natural language processing tasks. Recently, language models based on neural networks have shown better performance than classical methods, both stand-alone and as part of more complex natural language processing problems. In this post, you will learn about language modeling for natural language processing. After reading this post, you will know: Why language modeling is critical to solving problems in natural language processing.; What is the language model and some examples of their use; How neural networks can be used for language modeling.

The image is a model of reality. The structure of an image is the ratio of its elements., images of objects are not considered. We build for ourselves images

(models) of facts. There may be more images (models) than facts, since some images (models) are images (models) of only possible, but not actually existing facts. At the same time, the very image (model) is a fact. Models are facts too. The model and the fact being modeled have the same structure, the same logical form. That is why one can act as the image of the other; and if we want we can swap them and treat the fact as an image of the model. The image (model) can reflect any fact; but he cannot depict the very relation connecting him (model) with the fact, (see naive attitude to modeling). This relationship exists because the image (model) and the displayed have the same logical form, i.e. thanks to the logic that determines the structure of both facts and images. Each image (model) is logical.

The image (model) may or may not correspond to reality (be true or false).The logical image (model) of a fact is a thought. A sentence is a sensually perceived expression of thought (a sign, visible or audible, plus a projective attitude that connects it with the fact it represents). The boundaries of my language also mean the boundaries of my world. The language is limited by its expressive possibilities, which consist in the fact that the language is the image (model) of the world. The limit beyond which there can be no images (models) is at the same time the limit beyond which there can be no facts. For where there are facts, there are also images (models). At first glance, a sentence - for example, printed on paper - does not at all resemble the image (model) of reality about which it speaks. - But the musical notation at first glance does not seem to be the image of the recorded music ... The gramophone record, musical theme, musical notation, sound waves are images (models) of each other and, despite all the external differences, have a common logical structure.

There are similarities in the linguistic and scientific pictures of the world: they model the world in the mind of a person. However, they also have significant differences: the scientific picture of the world reflects scientific knowledge, it is the result of the activities of scientists; a naive picture of the world reflects everyday consciousness. The main characteristics of the linguistic picture of the world it is a system of all possible contents: spiritual and linguistic (determining the existence and functioning of the language itself); is a consequence of historical development; is the reason for the original path and further development of the ethnos and language; clearly structured and in linguistic expression is multilevel (includes sound structure, prosody, vocabulary, word-formation capabilities of the language, syntax, paremiological baggage); the linguistic picture of the world is changeable in time; creates the homogeneity of the linguistic essence, contributing to the consolidation of linguistic and cultural originality in the vision of the world and its designation by means of language; exists in a homogeneous, peculiar self-consciousness of a linguistic community and is transmitted to subsequent generations through a worldview, rules of behavior, a way of life, captured by the means of language; is a transformative force that forms the idea of the world around us through language as an "intermediate world" among the speakers of this language; common cultural heritage of a particular linguistic community.