Модели влияния водорода на механические свойства металлов и сплавов

Модели влияния водорода на механические свойства металлов и сплавов

Автор: Яковлев Ю.А., Полянский В.А., Седова Ю.С., Беляев А.К.

Журнал: Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Механика @vestnik-pnrpu-mechanics

Статья в выпуске: 3, 2020 года.

Бесплатный доступ

В статье представлен обзор основных моделей механики, которые используются для описания эффектов водородной хрупкости, водородного растрескивания и индуцированного водородом разрушения. Основное внимание уделено моделям, которые применяются для расчета напряженнодеформированного состояния металлических образцов, деталей и узлов машин и имеют потенциал для конкретных инженерных приложений. С механической точки зрения влияние водорода на свойства материалов представляет собой классическую задачу о влиянии малого параметра, так как критические для прочности и пластичности металлов концентрации водорода, как правило, невелики. Подавляющая часть моделей сводит это влияние к перераспределению водорода внутри объема металла и локализации его концентраций в критических зонах разрушения. Авторами выделено четыре основных подхода, которые позволяют учесть влияние малого параметра: усиленная водородом декогезия (HEDE), усиленная водородом локализованная пластичность(HELP), учет дополнительного внутреннего давления, которое создает растворенный в металлах водород, и би-континуальный подход, который учитывает внутреннее давление водорода и ослабление материала в рамках единой модели сплошной среды. Установлены связи между основными подходами. Проведена систематизация публикаций, выделены сходства и различия в описании внутреннего переноса и накопления водорода в металлах. Указано, что самое большое количество публикаций посвящено HEDE-модели, вместе с тем нет опубликованных данных о применении этой модели к реальным задачам инженерной практики, рассматривались только задачи о моделировании результатов механических испытаний цилиндрических и призматиче- ских образцов, с этой точки зрения другие, менее популярные подходы имеют больше практических применений. Основным нерешенным вопросом при верификации всех моделей остается локальная концентрация водорода, которая является источником преждевременного разрушения металлов под нагрузкой. Все методы измерения локальных концентраций являются косвенными. Даже в случае применения тонких физических методов требуется механическая подготовка поверхности, во время которой сохранить естественную, исходную концентрацию водорода невозможно. Отсутствие достоверных данных о распределении концентрации водорода не дает возможности однозначно определить все параметры моделей, что, с одной стороны, позволяет осуществить подгонку к любым экспериментальным данным, с другой - снижает прогностическую инженерную ценность всех моделей, так как при инженерном расчете на прочность недостаточно только качественного соответствия.

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Водородная хрупкость, декогезия, локализованная пластичность, би-континуальная сплошная среда, транспорт водорода, малый параметр, разрушение

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/146282000

IDR: 146282000   |   DOI: 10.15593/perm.mech/2020.3.13

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