Modelling of the human lumbar vertebromotor segment: analysis of scientific researches

Pain in the lumbar spine is a disease that affects a significant part of society and has an important impact on the life quality and working capacity of the world's population. The fight against this disease takes a lot of money from most of the developed countries of the world. Osteoporosis, herniated disc, kidney disease in most cases are the first cause of low back pain and this is not the whole list. It is well known that the intervertebral disc L4-L5 is a weak link in the lumbar region, so the need and relevance of the modelling problem of the lumbar vertebromotor segment already exists. A comprehensive analysis of studies for the period from 2003 to 2019 years was performed. The work purpose is to analyze most of the existing approaches to modelling the lumbar vertebromotor segment, the advantages and disadvantages of models and possible options for processing the segment geometric shape. The study focuses on such parameters as the influence of age and gender on the model, the choice of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data, options for model validation, the constitutive relations choice, and the geometric shape of all parts of the model. Each of the parts of the lumbar vertebromotor segment is presented: the vertebra, the pulpous nucleus, the fibrous ring, the cartilage endplate and bone endplate, the facet joint and seven types of ligaments.