Моделирование засухи в эксперименте и оценка ее воздействия на растения
Автор: Осмоловская Н.Г., Шумилина Ю.С., Гришина Т.В., Дидио А.В., Лукашева Е.М., Билова Т.Е., Фролов А.А.
Журнал: Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии @jspb
Статья в выпуске: 4 т.13, 2017 года.
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Засуха является одним из самых разрушительных видов абиотических стрессов, которые вызывают значительные годовые потери урожая и представляют серьезную угрозу для устойчивого сельского хозяйства. Однако, как и другие стрессоры, засуха вызывает у растений широкий спектр реакций, которые реализуются на молекулярном, клеточном и органическом уровне и направлены на снижение разрушительных эффектов и формирование толерантности растений к дефициту воды. Изучение адаптивных ответов растений на засуху и интерпретация механизмов повышения толерантности к засухе требует адекватных и надежных методов экспериментирования и объективных методов оценки результатов исследований. В обзоре рассмотрены три типа современных моделей, которые используются в экспериментах по влиянию засухи на растения, а именно на модели почвы, воды и агара. Обсуждаются основные преимущества и недостатки каждой модели, в том числе модели с имитацией условий засухи, обеспечивая ПЭГ в корневой среде, но выбор оптимальной модели должен определяться в зависимости от конкретных задач, решаемых экспериментатором. В настоящее время у исследователей имеется широкий спектр методологических подходов и инструментов для объективной оценки изменений физиологических и биохимических параметров растений в ответ на засуху. Среди наиболее распространенных - методы, связанные с оценкой таких параметров, как устьичная проводимость, эффективность фотосистемы II с использованием флуорометрии PAM, накопление осмотически активных веществ. Особое внимание уделено методам оценки активности антиоксидантных систем в растениях, прежде всего цикла аскорбат-глутатион, как одного из наиболее эффективных методов скрининга видов и сортов растений по устойчивости к засухе. Необходимо сделать вывод, что для успешной разработки новых стратегий, направленных на улучшение засухоустойчивости растений, требуется приобретение знаний с использованием современных молекулярно-биологических методов, основанных на применении метаболомики и протеомного анализа растений.
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14324019
IDR: 14324019
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