Alexander II’s modernization reforms as a factor in the accelerated formation of civil society in the Russian empire

This article formulates and substantiates a single thesis: Emperor Alexander II’s modernization reforms (the so-called “Great Reforms”) became one of the most significant factors that accelerated the formation of civil society in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. By drawing upon a wide range of sources and modern historiography, the article demonstrates that the abolition of serfdom and additional measures affecting the judicial system, local self-government, the military, and other spheres led to new public institutions, heightened legal awareness, and the emergence of self-organization practices. Together, these developments laid the foundation for the evolution of political and social processes toward greater openness and the participation of diverse social groups. The text is intended for specialists in Russian history, political scientists, sociologists, as well as anyone interested in the genesis of civil society and historical transformations.