Morphology and surgery of post-implantation complications during mammological operations

Breast cancer today remains the leading oncological disease in terms of the number of deaths from malignant neoplasms among the female population, while the dynamics of increasing the frequency of this pathology dictates a clear need for both increasing the number and improving the quality of reconstructive plastic and aesthetic surgical interventions. Research in the field of oncology and aesthetic mammology in recent years has shown a tendency to increase the frequency of postoperative complications, the problems of etiology, clinical picture and morphology at the tissue and cellular levels of which are becoming relevant and are the subject of discussion today. This review article provides an analysis of the structure of post-implantation pathology, based on recent studies, and also reveals the problems of conditions such as capsular contracture, post-implantation hematoma, accumulation of tissue fluid with the formation of edema (seroma), the formation of a double fold under the gland (the "double-bubble” effect), rippling (the "skin ripple” effect”), loss of elasticity by the skin over the mammary gland and, finally, the possible development of a life-threatening condition for the patient anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with a breast implant (BIA-ALCL). The morphological characteristics of the above conditions are described in detail, the correlation between the histological stages and the severity of clinical manifestations is given. Expanding the boundaries of knowledge in the field under study will undoubtedly allow us to master newer and more advanced modifications of the surgical interventions used and reduce the potential risks of post-implantation complications.