Nanotechnology

Nanoelectronics are the engineering expansion of nanotechnology, which is a general term for a series of new technologies that comprise the manipulation of material at small scope, usually 0.2-100 nanometres. Such chance permits us to invent, design and utilize a large array of new materials and new devices in innovative supplement that have not been possible before. It is a developing area of technological evolution with a strong thrust internationally. It is planning to influence on practically every large sector of engineering, from consumer goods, health care and medicine, rations and agriculture, to space technology, environment and energy, to name a few.

Nanoelectronics belong to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of structure and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular /semiconductor electronics, one-dimensional nanotubes /nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics [1].

Over the last 40 years, the silicon semiconductor industry has been driven by “Moore’s Law” which states that the number of transistors on a silicon chip will double roughly every two years. This has been enabled by high volume manufacturing of reduced geometry structures which has resulted in digital circuits with critical dimensions in the nanometer size range, and with enormously-increased performances and functionalities relative to those obtained even a few years ago. This ongoing development of integrated micro/nanoelectronic solutions requires significant advances in materials and processes to overcome the dimensional limitations imposed by current technologies thereby enabling the definition and control of structures and devices at the nanoscale.

The key areas in micro/nanoelectronics research being pursued include: -     the manufacture and characterization of novel nanoscale device structures on silicon.

• -     the integration of nanoscale materials into practical working devices of

interest to the electronics industry.

• -     the integration of novel functional materials onto active silicon devices

I want to compare possibilities of a nanoelectronics and traditional methods of assembly of devices. I would like to start my research from computers.

Nanoelectronics make the promise of making computer processors more potent than it is possible with conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques. A number of approaches are currently being researched as well as the use of nanomaterials such as nanowires or small molecules in place of traditional CMOS components. Field effect transistors have been made using both semiconducting carbon nanotubes and with heterostructured semiconductor nanowires.

In 1999, the CMOS transistor invented at the Laboratory for Electronics and Information Technology in Grenoble, France, tested the limits of the principles of the MOSFET transistor with a diameter of 18 nm. However, the CMOS transistor, which was created in 1999, was not a simple research experiment to study how CMOS technology functions, but rather a demonstration of how this technology functions now that we ourselves are getting ever closer to working on a molecular scale.

Also, interest topic is – displays. The production of displays with low energy consumption might be accomplished using carbon nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive and due to their small diameter of several nanometers, they can be used as field emitters with extremely high efficiency for field emission displays (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the cathode ray tube, but on a much smaller length scale.[citation needed]

One more interesting subject is a quantum computer. Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the laws of quantum mechanics for novel quantum computers, which enable the use of fast quantum algorithms. This facility may improve the performance of the older systems.

Energy production is a rather actual field of study. Research is ongoing to use nanowires and other nanostructured materials with the hope to create cheaper and more efficient solar cells than are possible with conventional planar silicon solar cells. It is believed that the invention of more efficient solar energy would have a great effect on satisfying global energy needs.

There is also research into energy production for devices that would operate in vivo, called bio-nano generators. A bio-nano generator is a nanoscale electrochemical device, like a fuel cell or galvanic cell, but drawing power from blood glucose in a living body, much the same as how the body generates energy from food. To achieve the effect, an enzymei s used that is capable of stripping glucose of its electrons, freeing them for use in electrical devices. The average person's body could, theoretically, generate 100 watts of electricity (about 2000 food calories per day) using a bio-nano generator. However, this estimate is only true if all food was converted to electricity, and the human body needs some energy consistently, so possible power generated is likely much lower. The electricity generated by such a device could power devices embedded in the body, or sugar-fed nanorobots. Much of the research done on bio-nano generators is still experimental, with Panasonic' s Nanotechnology Research Laboratory among those at the forefront.

At the end I would like to say some words about medical diagnostics.

There is great interest in constructing nanoelectronic devices that could detect the concentrations of biomolecules in real time for use as medical diagnostics, thus falling into the category of nanomedicine. A parallel line of research seeks to create nanoelectronic devices which could interact with single cells for use in basic biological research. These devices are called nanosensors. Such miniaturization on nanoelectronics towards in vivo proteomic sensing should enable new approaches for health monitoring, surveillance, and defense technology [3].

Thus, development of nanoelectronics proceeds quickly, today. Nanoelectronics hold some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption [4].

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