Some observations concerning the in-rampart frames in the pre-Mongol fortifications

Yu.Yu. Morgunov's paper discusses the frame-like constructions discovered inside the fortifications of the pre-Mongol period. In Medieval Rus' defensive constructions consisted mostly of earthen ramparts. Traditionally, it is held that the medieval Russian fortifications were built of earth only, though in some cases these contain log constructions. The author shows that our ideas on this point depend on the state of preservation of timber, as well as the methodical level of excavations. Charred wood is much better preserved, but thorough investigations give an opportunity to trace the remains of timber constructions not affected by fire, even in the ramparts built of sandy soil permeable to water.