New publication anout memorial culture of the Kola North inhabitants

In mid--‐2013, the publishing of Murmansk State Humanities University released a new book

--‐ "Man --‐Place --‐Memory: Memorial Culture old residents of the northern areas of the Kola Peninsu--‐ la in the conditions of the social transfor--‐ mation,"which describes the form of the me--‐ morial culture in the two population centers Murmansk region--‐ and Kola. Teriberka [1].

Editors were P.V. Fyodorov, Doctor of historical sciences, Professor, Vice--‐rector for research work of Murmansk State Humanities University, and A.A. Malashenko, bibliographer Murmansk State Regional Universal Scientific Library (MGOUNB). They are already known to readers in several joint publications [2, 3, 4]. Research project, the result of which was the work of a memorial dedicated to the culture was carried out in the framework of grants and

RHF together representatives of several institutions in the region --‐ the teachers and masters MGGU, employees MGOUNB and Murmansk Regional Museum (MOKM).

Theoretical bases of different paradigms were modern historical research --‐ memory stud--‐ ies, oral history, the history of everyday life, microhistory. If you choose a concept describing the general direction of the study, provided that the publication can be described as done in line with the social (cultural) anthropology.

The book of P.V. Fedorov theoretically interprets the results of the research. It describes a number of memorial practices that are arranged in a specific sequence: from practices spontane--‐ ous memory (censoring impossibility verbalization ritual involuntary verbalization) practices to managed memory (associations, participation in exhibitions, public memuarirovanie installation naive monuments).

Maximally detailed study stages. Interviewing veteran conducted by a single scheme, tak--‐ ing into account differences Cola and Teriberki. Questionnaire for the interviews with informants submitted in text publication contains several blocks. Introductory unit provides general infor--‐ mation about the informant (year, place of birth, residence time and the absence of settlement, education and employment of the informant). They allow you to retrieve information about the Settlement and migration activity of the informants. The next set of the questions reveals infor--‐ mation about ancestors and family informant. Here including issues related to the functioning of the everyday practices of family communication "in your family in Soviet times there was some--‐ thing Missed speak aloud, discuss with neighbors?". Recorded data on the history of the place of residence, in particular: the event, the founders, etymology, history of division and there are ob--‐ jects.

Relationship of the cultural memory and speech are analyzed by the questions about the use of old words, nicknames and song culture. Rituals of the interest interviewers were weddings, funerals, holidays. In addition, the veteran asked about artifacts that relate to the preservation of the memories. Finally, in the concluding section contains questions related to the possible desire to leave the village, and the question of additional information about the interview. It should be noted reasonableness and correctness of the questionnaire, its adaptation to the informants .

The most important theoretical problem, which stops P. V. Fedorov impact of the social transformation on the memorial culture. In this case, the fixed number of features --‐ the disap--‐ pearance of the tradition and its replacement by a memorial prose. Also interesting to observe the depth of the memory of old residents --‐ it is not over 100 years old, it does not differ from the dis--‐ placed and hereditary old--‐timers. Another observation, which is offered to the reader, is related to the role of religion and places of memory, representing the local religious history (eg, worship the cross and the Annunciation Church, located in Cole). They carry bonding memory gaps and main--‐ tain continuity between generations in times of the social transformation.

Thus, the level of towns (as defined by the author), in contrast to the large memory loca--‐ tions, not less important, as in the story it is possible to hear the old--‐timers living history.

Thereotical section ends with a kind of the theoretical introduction to the theory of memo--‐ rial culture . P. V. Fedorov raises a number of levels memorial cycle duration (unstable, with sred--‐ nestoykaya, duration) and describes his step (memorization, commemoration, pseudomemoratsi--‐ ya, rememoratsiya). The notion of "mnemosfera" within the meaning of live shells land, which is a link between anthroposphere, sociosphere and noosphere. In general, according to P. V. Fedorov, memorial culture can become a new dimension of human knowledge, if it is designed to be versa--‐ tile study qualitative methodological tools .

Referring to the main content of the book, which presents materials illustrating the form of memorial culture. The first part covers the materials collected by Kola, the second --‐ with the mate--‐ rials. Teriberka. The study involved 15 interviews by respondents Kola and 11 respondents. Teriberka living in settlements not less than 35 years for Teriberki (mostly --‐ 50 years).

Furthermore, P. V. Fedorov and A. A. Malashenkov materials presented in the book muse--‐ um and library collections. Documents show specificity MOKM memorial culture veteran Cola 1930s --‐ 1940s. This record memories made employee of the museum A. P. Popov1, memories of old--‐timers and a letter A. E. Abalyaevoy belonging to the ancient family was exiled to Coke SM Abalyaeva --‐ associate Pugachev. These documents contained memories dating back to the 2nd half of the XIX century and more facts about the ancient history of Coke, the data on the employ--‐ ment residents Cola.

A. A. Malashenkov prepared an annotated bibliography of 57 articles in local periodicals (Kola district newspaper "Polar work" and "Kola word", one article found in the regional newspa--‐ per "The Polar Truth") 1930s --‐ 2000s. The article presents the local memories residents, covering the period from the end of the XIX century of 60--‐ies. XX century.

Through it the old--‐timers, passed in lyrics verbatim, preserving the style, tempo and emo--‐ tion reflection becomes visible living person who sometimes disappears behind the official stamps and stationery wording of archival documents. Emotional story opens up the possibility to get away from detachment and creates immediacy of perception. Contents memories usually broader than specific questions. Because the facts contained in the answers and are not directly related to the question asked to describe them. But they are also valuable. A man tells his own his--‐tory. He's one of our contemporaries, living in the northern cities and villages of the Kola Peninsula. Howev--‐ er, the story about the history of this man, unknown to most, almost bygone and preserved only in the memory of the old--‐timers. He does not simply describe a life experience, presents a panorama of the events, perceptions and evaluations. Answering questions tells about another culture and bygone daily life of a society with specific norms, values and relationships between people. For example, whether experienced shocks (repression, war, evacuation) or from past years, but the narrators evaluate their contemporaries in the past, as the bearers of the principles of mutual aid, friendship, humility, optimism [1, p. 89, 111, 314].

Memories informants are mainly related to the pre--‐war and post--‐war history of the differ--‐ ent localities of the Murmansk region (Kola and Teriberki, encampments and closed military towns) --‐ memory locations family history. But they appear to other regions --‐ Arkhangelsk and Vo--‐ logda regions, the Republic of Karelia, Kaliningrad and the former Soviet republics. Enumeration locations leads to the issue of migration. It can be considered from two sides: visit to the Kola Pen--‐ insula and out of the region. According to the recollections of old--‐timers fixed that increased mi--‐ gration is observed on the Kola Peninsula in the second half of XX century". To us here < to Kola --‐ KK > drove all Russia . We called them ... Katsap "[1, p. 61]. Departure from the Kola Peninsula have experienced some informants or their families. However, there are opposite situation --‐ de--‐ spite the possibility of moving to a more southerly region, resident does not leave the North, there is evidence of the return of the South [1, p. 86 , 375]. Memories show content migration within the region: for example, moving encampment families engaged in fishing [1, p. 275--‐276]. Inform--‐ ants or their children moved to permanent residence in Murmansk. But despite the move, the lo--‐ cality may be a summer vacation, "summer here better than there . Here the sea air here is much better live than in the city "[1, pp. 309]. Memories of one man show the evolution of the relationship to the locality from where the "stuck" to the point "where pulls like home" [1, p. 326, 330].

Places of memory --‐ are not only the settlements, but also familiar objects by name and lo--‐ cation only a local , hidden under the earth strata, mostly not preserved houses and churches. Ac--‐ cording to surveys of the old--‐timers were created maps and charts Teriberki Cola (they are given in the publication on the colored tabs). They identified 24 neighborhoods toponym Cola. Schematic map Cola commits some areas of the city, which was identified 165 objects. In Teriberke found 79

objects. The vast majority of them did not survive. In his memoirs, created two images Cola --‐ pa--‐ triarchal, with wooden walkways and houses and modern, in which private wooden houses were replaced panel apartment buildings [1, p. 150]. Memory gives the feel inexorable movement of history through landscape change: "We have a steep mountain was, here's how to Mironov ... now ... there it was razed houses and garages set up", "station itself was not. There was ... a swamp. My father went there, those caught in the winter ... partridges ... "[1, p. 59, 77].

Consumer side also occupies an important place in the descriptions of the old--‐timers: at--‐ tract the attention of the objects used in everyday life --‐ kokoshniki, rubber boots, rocker, vintage instruments. Similar to them are stored in the modern museums. In fact, given by the recollections can build a hierarchy of things that help to keep the memory. In many ways these things informant identifies events of his own life, family history, region, country. Among them – are photos, awards, documents, letters, icons and tools. Memorabilia and objects form a memory, make history tangi--‐ ble and real.

Many memoirs contain data on the traditional fisheries. One of the most important among them was fishing. Seines fished traps hiding places for prying tier. The main target species are cod, capelin, salmon. Salmon fishing is often engaged girl [1, pp. 59, 70, 221, 311]. As for the other clas--‐ ses, it is noted, for example, the demand for the specialty masonry [1, 100]. Mentions some games including rounders and now forgotten Shtander [1, 111].

Another level, present texts --‐ a remembrance of important events (weddings, family cele--‐ brations, funerals). Their dedicated team aims to identify issues of family memory and rituals. However, P.V. Fedorov said that "attempts to reconstruct a particular ritual, using the memory of informants had difficulties it meaningful description" [1.11]. Informants remembered appeared in the Soviet time holidays: May 1st , November Seventh Day victory. Professional holiday, which is most often remembered informants , Fisherman's Day is : "And the feast < Fisherman's Day --‐ KK > exported to the tractor, these ... beer there, saying all sorts of snacks. This ... danced and danced. Very nice it was "[1, p. 297 ]. Funeral --‐ already emotionally tragic event. At the thought of them often old--‐timers reminiscing about music and marching band, noting this is the difference from the present [1, p. 69, 160]. Despite the anti--‐religious propaganda \, sometimes accompanied by funeral burial service [1, p. 81, 160].

Facts that tell about the history of the local church and religious practices, there are many memories. Religious holidays and ceremonies --‐ Easter and Christmas --‐ were not forgotten during the Soviet era. They kept the older generation of priests and their families [1, p. 165, 167]. As rel--‐ ics estimated icons available in families [1, p. 189]. Fixed krestovanie – is custom of exchanging breastplates crosses using falls [1, p. 227--‐228].

A special place in the book is naive memuariraven. Lyrics memories composed V. S. Lopintsevym, E. M. Popova and the resident of Teriberki T. A. Uvarova 2. In the center of the narra--‐ tive memoir, describes it as P. V. Fedorov, are "a biography of the memoirist, and relatives, the description of everyday life, place names, local speech" [1, p. 13]. A. A. Malashenkov the example of Coke talks about another form of preserving cultural memory --‐ club activities of the ethnog--‐ raphers "Kolyanom", as well as local history tradition of the city.

The varied material book helps navigate finding aid. This many comments about people, events, vocabulary. The book is a pointer northern Russian vocabulary veteran, name and geo--‐ graphic indexes.

The publication will be undoubtedly useful for the specialists of the different scientific fields. Historian will find data on migration to the Kola Peninsula, collective farms, the repression of the 1930s., Life period of evacuation during the Great Patriotic War. Memories contain esti--‐ mates of the past and the present views on the historical events and political figures. Many mate--‐ rials researchers will find a church and economic history.

Psychologist interested in fully reproduced the text of memories that can be a source to find out the work of the individual mental processes (memory, thinking, attention), mechanisms of memory (recall, rationalization, forgetting). Sociologist may consider the impact of the social insti--‐ tutions on the individual. Ratings incumbents politicians can be compared with the data of the modern sociological research. Social anthropologist will receive information about the economy and employment, life and everyday residents of Cola and Teriberki .

Philologist attracts various examples of the use in the speech of the local vocabulary. In index --‐mentioned special veteran northern Russian vocabulary words presented with their deriva--‐ tives, an explanation is given a value that gave the informant. For comparison, given the interpre--‐ tation of the famous dictionary I. S. Merkureva [7]. Several informants remembered the nickname of his contemporaries. In his memoirs, recorded A. P. Popov, is an example of the local name Great Bear --‐ Moose [1, p. 43]. Limericks from the collection of resident Cola M. I. Zherebtsova in--‐ terested in folklor .

For the specialists in the social philosophy and theory of the history is significant proposed by P.V. Fedorov theory memorial culture and important generalization of the results of the re--‐ search. Of course, the particular value theoretical constructs makes the fact that they are based on preliminary fieldwork.

Submitted interview will be of the interest not only to the professional scientists, but also to all readers interested in the regional history, memoirs, everyday.

The value of the collected material in a book is that they have the status of the source whose value will eventually increase.