Is ontology necessary for modern science: historical perspective and actuality of the problem

Image modification of ontology in the history of philosophy and science is discussed in the article. It focuses on the reasons of de-ontologization of knowledge in natural sciences and intellectual tradition of the 20 th century on the whole. It studies the influence of neokantian and positivistic philosophy on the development of “constructivist”, “antirealistic” discourse in scientific cognition. Phenomenology of E. Husserl and quantum physics are considered as sources of new ontology project.