On genocentricity and genomocentricity in basic living systems: microorganisms, plants, animals (review)

The development of genomics and pangenomics is becoming increasingly relevant for the development of new methods for solving traditional problems of control and directed influence on the variability of polygenic quantitative traits for the conservation and improvement of genetic resources of agricultural species. It is necessary to systematize data on the elements of the genome organization, on the levels of genes and regulatory genomic sequences, for realization of these purposes. This paper examines the functional “redundancy” of protein-coding genes (E.V. Koonin, 2000; G. Rancati et al., 2008; M. Isalan et al., 2008); species-specificity of the genetic bases of adaptation to environmental factors, even in species close in origin (B. Benjelloun et al., 2023). The different rates of evolution of genomic elements, namely the genes encoding proteins and non-coding DNA sequences involved in general, taxon-specific, and species-specific biological processes, are revealed: the higher specificity of genome elements, the higher polymorphism and the evolutionarily "younger" variability are, usually associated with the pressure of environmental factors (W. Yang wt al., 2022; J. Damas et al., 2022; M.J. Christmas et al., 2023). Mobile genetic elements (transposons) are discussed as a central source of regulatory elements at different levels of the organization of regulatory networks (L.F.K. Kuderna et al., 2024), data are provided on their involvement in the variability of various genes, mutations of which are involved in breeding work with agricultural species (P. Zhao et al., 2023; X.M. Zheng et al., 2019; R. Xiang et al., 2019). Approaches to the management of these elements are considered by applying methods of gene and genomic editing using not only information about such inserts, but also mechanisms that prevent the negative effects of their transcription and transpositions (G. Farmiloe et al., 2023). It is assumed that it is the regulatory elements and their control mechanisms that can be an effective target for the development of methods for managing genetic resources of agricultural species.