On the use of bone points of the early Neolithic settlement Mergen 6 (according to traceological research and experiment)

Purpose. The practice of applying images (tattoos) to the human body has a long history, encompassing both traditional cultures and modern forms. The earliest instruments utilized for the introduction of coloring pigments beneath the human skin were pointed bone tools. The use of points made from tubular bones of birds and small animals was documented in Eurasia and America as early as the Mesolithic-Eneolithic period.Results. A typological and trace analysis of bone points from the early Neolithic layer of Mergen 6 settlement in the Lower Ishim River Region revealed that they were employed as punctures and needles for stitching leather, skins, and other materials. It seems reasonable to posit that points made from tubular bones of birds and small animals could also be used for applying tattoos. This is indicated by a number of signs found on the tools, which are considered to be traces of wear due to their use for tattooing. However, it is our contention that the products under consideration, along with the aforementioned signs, can also bear traces of manufacture and of their possible use for other purposes. The interpretation of these traces is challenging, as they are difficult to separate and unambiguously discern. In light of these considerations, the potential for trace studies to assess the use of points made from tubular bird bones appears constrained. We believe it is appropriate to conduct an experiment to test our hypothesis. In our case, we attempted to apply an image to human skin using points made in the likeness of the original Mergen products.Conclusion. The results of the trace analysis and the experiment, along with morphological and typological parameters, allow us to suggest with a high degree of probability that some of the bone points were utilized as tools for applying tattoos.