Main reasons for culling cows in the breeding herds of the black-and-white cattle in the Orel region

An extremely important problem in the modern breeding of dairy cattle is the preservation and increase of its productive longevity. Dairy cattle bred in the Orel region are no exception in this matter. To solve this problem, studies were conducted in 3 breeding herds of Black-and-White cattle. The results of bonitation from 2017 to 2021 in such farms as JSC "Agrofirma Mtsenskaya", CJSC "Kurakinskoe", JSC OPH "Krasnaya Zvezda" were studied. The results of the bonitation over the past 5 years were analyzed, as well as the pedigrees of 1133 cows. Generally accepted zoo-technical methods were used in the research. Feeding was carried out with feeds traditionally used in farms. As a result of the research, it was determined that the average productivity of cows in herds increased by 1500-1700 kg of milk, bloodiness by Holstein (% of genes) - by 20-25%. The average bloodiness by Holstein breed in these households on 01.01.2017 was 59-65%, on 01.01.2021 - 85-87%. The analysis allows us to conclude that in 2 of the 3 farms studied, over 5 years of breeding, the average age of cow culling has significantly decreased - from 3.9-4.0 to 3.2-3.3 calving. It was found that the reasons for culling on farms were not much different, but among them one can distinguish the main ones, such as limb diseases and gynecological diseases. At the same time, among the mothers of cows in JSC "Agrofirma Mtsenskaya" the majority of cows dropped out due to diseases of the limbs, in CJSC "Kurakinskoe" - due to diseases of the digestive system and limbs, in JSC OPH "Krasnaya Zvezda" - due to diseases of the limbs, difficult calving and complications associated with them. In the current situation, it should be recommended that the enterprises of the region pay special attention to the problems associated with diseases of the limbs and digestive system, as well as difficult calving. No less significant are the problems associated with diseases of the respiratory system and barrenness. At the same time, it should be noted that farms are safe for infectious diseases.