Pathogenetic influence of diabetes mellitus on the development of complications in the oral cavity

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a medical and social problem characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and leading to the development of numerous complications, including those in the oral cavity. This article is devoted to the analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of dental diseases in patients with diabetes. The following pathogenesis links are considered: metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia, the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress; dysfunction of the immune system; the development of micro- and macroangiopathies, as well as neuropathy. The pathogenesis of specific oral complications, such as periodontal disease, dental caries, xerostomia, mucosal infections, taste disturbances and delayed wound healing, is discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases. The features of the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its impact on dental status are highlighted. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach, raising awareness of patients and doctors about the relationship between diabetes and oral pathologies for timely diagnosis, prevention and treatment of complications in the oral cavity, which helps to improve glycemic control and quality of life of patients, is emphasized.