Pedagogical ideas of Johann Gottlieb Fichte: to the 260-th anniversary of his birthday

The appeal to the work of Johann Gottlieb Fichte seems to be relevant in the modern difficult period of increasing problems in education, because the German classical philosophy of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries, a representative of which he was, had a direct impact on the formation and development of pedagogy in Germany. The central issues of I. G. Fichte teaching related to the essence of human freedom, the role of the state in improving the education system, the historical choice of the path of development of the nation, show genuine modernity. The article analyzes the main pedagogical ideas of I. G. Fichte. The characteristic of the priority directions of his pedagogy is given: moral, national, aesthetic, labor education. It is noted that the central place is occupied by the theory of national education, stated in the work “Speeches to the German Nation” (1807-08), which emphasizes the problem of the correlation of universal and national values. A peculiar concept of personality as a representative of the nation and the nation as a “collective personality” is considered. The formation of a spiritual and moral personality should serve the national interests. The key principles reflected in his teaching are defined - freedom, activity, activity, independence of the individual. The principle of independent activity is the basis of the pedagogical anthropology of the German thinker. The importance of I. G. Fichte's call for the creation of special pedagogical communities is emphasized, the idea of creating a developing and educating environment being outlined. The critical attitude of the philosopher to the existing class educational system is noted. The fundamentally new approaches of I. G. Fichte to solving the problem of determining the role of the object and subject in the pedagogical process are indicated.