Personnel management

In Youth is a socio-demographic group allocated on the basis of age-related characteristics of the social status of young people, their place and functions in the social structure of society, their specific interests and values.

Modern scientists believe that the age boundaries of the youth period are conditional, they can be determined by an interval from 13-14 years to 29-30 years. However, youth is not so much a stage in the life cycle as a certain social status of a person connected with the main activities: a student, a serviceman, a worker, etc.

Unemployment is a complex social and economic phenomenon in which a part of the economically active population, wishing to work on terms of hiring or creating one's own business, can not implement (employ) its labor force due to the absence of suitable jobs (offers) and is deprived as a consequence basic income (wages).

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the unemployed are considered to be able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings (living income) residing in the territory of Russia registered with the employment service at their place of residence in order to find suitable work, looking for it and ready to proceed To her.

On the basis of Russian legislation, citizens who have not reached the age of 16, and able-bodied citizens passing full-time studies can not be considered unemployed.

In the sphere of youth education, the state of affairs is also not unambiguous. An indisputable achievement is the desire of young people for knowledge, study in universities and technical schools. At the same time, there is a problem of employment of graduates who have received a professional education. As a result, many of them are forced to work not in their specialty. Among the officially registered unemployed, the share of youth over the past 5 years is 30% or more.

The scarcity of the workforce is replaced by a shortage of jobs, which leads to the emergence of unemployment. There is a situation where the provision of all citizens with jobs is no longer a matter of course. In connection with this, the consideration of modern processes occurring in the labor market, the study of the consequences of rising unemployment and the identification of specific social activities with certain categories of unemployed citizens, especially with young people, become topical.

The need to analyze the situation of young people in the Russian labor market is determined by a number of circumstances. First, young people make up about 35% of Russia's able-bodied population; secondly, they are the future of the country, and the subsequent development of our state depends on the old conditions of their activity. Youth today already largely determines the political, economic and social structure of society. At the same time, it is one of the most vulnerable groups in our country.

The youth labor market is a special socio-demographic segment of the Russian economy, subject to its own laws, which must be taken into account in employment policy. Young people are characterized by the instability of life attitudes, the lack of work experience and work experience and, as a consequence, relatively low professional status. Because of the oversaturation of the labor market by the more competitive categories of the population, young people are a fairly high-risk group. At the same time, unlike other socially vulnerable groups (invalids, women), young people are the most promising category of labor. Still completely not formed as a subject of labor activity, it is the most receptive to all changes, has the ability to constantly change labor functions, huge opportunities for professional growth, the longest period of the forthcoming labor activity.

In the labor market, the following opportunities are realized:

• •    free choice of profession, industry and place of activity, encouraged by priority proposals (salary level, opportunities for realizing creative ideas, etc.);

• •    hiring and dismissal, while observing the norms of labor legislation that protects the interests of citizens in terms of job security, working conditions, and payment;

• •    independent and yet economically encouraged labor migration between regions, sectors and vocational groups, which is usually accompanied by improved living and working conditions, facilitated by the presence of highly developed, universally available markets for high-quality housing, consumer goods of cultural and spiritual values;

• •    free movement of wages and other incomes while retaining the priority of qualification and education, observance of the guaranteed minimum wage that provides a subsistence minimum, and regulation of the upper limit of income through the tax system. In the conditions of market relations, the employment problem of the young people acquires new properties. On the one hand, employment issues are extremely important for young people; on the other hand, it is not everyone who succeeds in realizing their needs in the professional sphere.

The situation of youth in society determines a number of objective and subjective factors: the level of material security, the opportunity to realize themselves in the professional sphere, to get education, to make a career, to secure their civil rights and social guarantees. Youth unemployment is highlighted when considering employment problems due to the particular severity of its negative consequences.

Young people between the ages of 14 and 18 represent basic students in schools, colleges and universities. It is during this period that a person learns basic life values, norms of behavior in society and seeks to adapt to existing conditions. One of the most important tasks of this period is the choice of the future profession.

Basically, she is not involved in labor activity. However, unlike the youth of the most developed countries, where the age of entry into working life is objectively increasing, Russian youth have to start social and economic relations much earlier. Already, almost 80% of young people earned their first money before the age of 18. It would seem that this should lead to positive results, since the adolescent develops an attitude toward work, independence, initiative. However, this is not the case: early employment does not allow you to fully receive the proper education, which initially assumes a low level of qualifications.

At the same time, various branches of the economy take young labor resources extremely unevenly. Mostly, employers are not interested in adolescent labor. To a greater extent, young people are represented in the sphere of services and entrepreneurship; there is a shortage of qualified young professionals in the budgetary sphere, in production. This can complicate matters of staffing, making it impossible for the government to implement a number of reforms and lead to a crisis in certain areas. The youth's withdrawal into the "shadow" economy continues, which can lead to the degradation of the country's labor potential. For the state this means the loss of a large number of skilled labor capable of effectively participating in the development of the country.

The second category is young people aged 18-24 years who have completed or completed their professional training, as well as those who have served in the army. This group is quite vulnerable in the labor market, as it does not have the proper professional and social experience and, as a result, is less competitive.

Employment is hindered by the level and quality of the education received and the lack of demand for graduates of educational institutions in the labor market. Now more than half of the graduates can not find a job in the specialty, which negatively affects the professional development of a person and the definition of his life path.

Young people belonging to the first two subgroups, as a rule, enter the labor market for the first time and have a lower educational and professional level, do not have work experience. All these factors cause their competitiveness to be lower. At the same time, it is precisely for this period that the initial stage of the career comes.

At the age of 25 to 30, young people basically have already defined their professional strategy and have a certain work experience. In this period of life most of them already have a family, and they make high demands on the proposed (future) work. At the same time, the absence of work in this category is perceived more painfully, which leads to severe social and psychological consequences (family breakdown, abandoned children, caregiving to the criminal environment, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.).

Secondly, low competitiveness is specific for the youth labor market in comparison with other age groups. Young people are at greatest risk of losing their jobs or not getting a job. The employment opportunities for the new labor force entering the labor market for the first time are declining. Limiting demand in the labor market reduces the employment opportunities for graduates of educational institutions.

Thus, the current situation on the Russian youth labor market is quite tense. The problems of youth employment are largely related to objective processes: the reduction of the birth rate, the deterioration of the physical and mental health, the decline in the standard of living of the population, and the influence of socioeconomic factors on the way of life of the young person. The labor socialization of young people occurs in the context of contradictory and ambiguous structural changes in the political, economic, social and spiritual spheres. And since the youth contingent is extremely heterogeneous in terms of age, educational and professional level, everyone needs a special approach to solving the problem