Prospects of analytical approach for diagnostics of animal mycotoxicoses (review)

Outbreaks of animal intoxication from the consumption of feed containing mycotoxins remain the most important problem of animal husbandry (M.M. Zaki et al., 2012; C. Gruber-Dorninger et al., 2019). At the end of the last century and in the next two decades, world science made significant progress in studying the mechanisms of action of these natural toxicants and obtained convincing evidence of the possibility of using mycotoxins and their metabolites as biochemical markers to confirm the fact of entry into the body of animals (L. Escrivá et al., 2017; A. Vidal et al., 2018). In our country a national database on the occurrence and content of mycotoxins in feed is being actively formed (G.P. Kononenko et al., 2020), however, the problem of differentiation of mycogenic intoxication in animals still remains unresolved. Recommended diagnostic schemes, based on epizootological data, clinical picture, pathoanatomic changes, results of histological, mycotoxicological studies and experimental reproduction of intoxications (MU, 1985, 1986), do not allow unambiguously and timely determination of their cause.This review provides up-to-date information necessary for the development of analytical methods for the diagnosis of toxicosis caused by 4-deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OA). The main ways of their transformation in vivo in pigs, ruminants, poultry are discussed and information about metabolites in biological fluids and excreta suitable for in vivo diagnostics is summarized. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection made it possible to identify DON, deepoxy-DON and their glucuronides in the blood and urine of pigs and ruminants (H.E. Schwartz-Zimmermann et al., 2017), DON, deepoxy-DON and DON sulfate in the blood and droppings of poultry (I. Riahi et al., 2021), clarify the nature of multiple metabolism of T-2 (E. Janin et al., 2021) and ZEN (P. Llorens et al., 2022), and confirm the free-form presence of FB1 in faeces of pigs (P. Dilkin et al., 2010), and OA in poultry droppings. An important achievement in recent years has been the experimental evidence of the correlation between the doses of DON and ZEN coming from feed and the content of indicator substances in target matrices in dairy cows (J. Winkler et al., 2014, 2015) and pigs (L. Gambacorta et al., 2013; S. Thanner et al., 2016; T. Van Limbergen et al., 2017). Schemes based on chromatographic and enzyme immunoassay are already used to control biomarkers of these toxins on livestock farms in Japan (M. Tagaki et al., 2011; H. Hasunuma et al., 2012; O.S. Widodo et al., 2022). Priority areas for the development of the analytical approach include the improvement and development of alternative methods, clarification of sample preparation conditions and sampling procedures, synthesis and certification of calibrants necessary for quantitative measurements, as well as exploring the possibility of using other matrices, in particular, hair and feather cover, for diagnostic purposes.